Gender Discourse

The female terrorist circulates within contemporary Western culture as an object of fascination and heightened concern. Gender and the Political analyses cultural constructions of the female terrorist, arguing that she operates as a limit case of both feminine and feminist agency. Drawing on an interdisciplinary theoretical framework, this book demonstrates that the development of the discourse on terrorism evolves in parallel with, and in response to, radical feminism in the US in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Situated at the borderlines between sexuality, threat and abjection, Amanda Third argues that the figure of the female terrorist compels a reexamination of the project of radical politics and the limits of modernity.

http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/gender-and-the-political-amanda-third/?K=9781137402752

"A fascinating exploration of the historical twinning of terrorism and feminism in the U.S. By redirecting our attention to these important discourses emerging in the 60's and 70s, this book provides a crucial corrective to counter post 9/11 anxieties that continually project the terrorist as somehow coming from elsewhere." - Jasbir K. Puar, Associate Professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Rutgers University, USA

"Amanda Third's Gender and the Political convincingly argues that the modern concepts of terrorism and feminism are historically and conceptually interwoven. The book does this by reading terrorism studies against the grain while simultaneously positioning the concept of terrorism as a central trope of postmodern thought. These two discourses - the former increasingly foundational to, the latter highly critical of, the modern state and social order - are placed in fruitful conversation with one another, resulting in a deeply illuminating study of the contemporary political terrain in the United States." - Mehmet Döşemeci, Assistant Professor of History, Bucknell University, USA

This paper explores the way in which feminism, whilst trying to achieve gender equality, has increased inequality between women.  It locates the cause of this in feminism's early adoption of Marxist and Engelsian thought and the way in which these two thinkers misconstrued the relationship between private and public domains.

This was a research paper for a course entitled Feminist and Multicultural Theologies. I unpack what gender complementarianism is, examine its history, and compare it to how Scripture and earlier Christian Tradition understood gender. This allows me to establish that gender complementarianism is a recent innovation in secular and Christian thinking about gender, and that it can be described as a "trajectory" from Scripture and Tradition on gender, influenced by social, ideological, and intellectual developments in secular societies. I then pursue a critique of gender complementarianism, arguing that it is an "unsatisfactory trajectory" because it has troubling implications for orthodox theology, is not borne out by empirical experience and observation, and has harmful effects on human beings and societies and on ethical development.

First published in 1988, this volume redefined the anthropological study of menstrual customs. Examining cultures as diverse as long-house dwellers in North Borneo, African farmers, Welsh housewives, and postindustrial American workers, it challenged the previously widespread image of a universal "menstrual taboo" as well as the common assumption of universal female subordination that underlay it. Offering feminist perspectives on comparative gender politics and symbolism, the book has interested students and scholars in anthropology, women's studies, religion, and comparative health systems. Originally listed as a “Notable” book in Choice, it later won the first Most Enduring Edited Collection Prize, awarded by the Council for the Anthropology of Reproduction (a unit of the American Anthropological Association.). The book continues to be taught regularly around the world.

Male Psychology Conference 2015
University College London 26th &27th June
http://www.malepsychology.org.uk/index.html

The theory of hegemonic masculinity has gained a lot of traction as an explanation for a number of male behaviours, including  higher rates of suicide, absence of health promoting behaviour, reluctance to seek medical attention and so on. In order  to throw into relief the situation of men in Western culture, gender relations will be explored in peasant foraging and hunter gatherer societies.

Religion and spirituality play an essential role in health care delivery in Nigeria, and it has become quite significant with the proliferation of religious bodies in the country. A major attraction of Pentecostal churches is the claim to miraculous healing, which serves to reaffirm the power of Jesus Christ. Healing of various spiritual and physical ailments is believed to be possible through a process of faith-based activities dictated by church leaders. These activities vary and range from prayers, exorcism, the laying of hands; to the use of water, oil and other religious symbols. A prominent aspect of healing is the ‘fruit of the womb’ – meaning the ability of a (married) woman to get pregnant. The expression speaks to the essence of childbearing as an essential element of womanhood in the Nigerian society. As with other faith-based healing miracles, members are encouraged to testify as a way of increasing the faith of others while confirming the power of spiritual healing. Today, many churches that have online presence publish these testimonies. This paper is a qualitative analysis of the online testimonies published on the official website of the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), one of the largest churches in Nigeria with an online presence. The paper content analysed 95 testimonies published between March 2000 and August 2018. The data analysis and the discussion that follows consider the African worldview of healing and disease as being related to the spiritual realm with a focus on the African value of marriage and childbearing. The twin subject of marriage and childbearing is also discussed within African feminist theories.

Die Geschlechterdebatte im 18. Jahrhundert war erheblich vielstimmiger, als dies von der Forschung bislang wahrgenommen wurde. Die in diesem Buch versammelten Beiträge aus Sozial-, Kultur-, Literatur-, Kunst- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte sowie Philosophie und Historischer Pädagogik gehen der Frage nach, wie und mit welchen Argumenten sich auch Frauen in die Diskussionen um Tugend, Vernunft und Gefühl einmischten und welche Auswirkungen die theoretischen Reflexionen insbesondere auf weiblich konnotierte Lebensbereiche wie Ehe und Sexualität, Mutterschaft und (Mädchen-)Erziehung, Krankheit und Körperlichkeit hatten. Die Fallstudien dokumentieren, dass Gleichheit und Differenz der Geschlechter nicht einfach als zwei konkurrierende Konzepte aufklärerischen Denkens oder als Widerspruch von Diskurs und sozialer Praxis begriffen werden können. Die Aufklärung erweist sich als zu komplex, um aus ihr weiterhin eine schlichte Fortschritts- oder Verlustgeschichte der Frauen abzuleiten.

The present article argues that despite growing rates of single living worldwide, alternative representations of the single women who do not necessarily spend their life 'waiting for the one' are regularly absent from public view. By exploring the injunction as well as the option of non-waiting, this paper contributes to time studies by stressing how understandings of waiting inform hegemonic and alternative forms of temporal subjectivity and sociality. In the first part of this paper, I explore the ways in which the injunction to stop waiting is articulated in het-eronormative imagery. This call is regularly expressed with temporal urgency, and from this vantage point waiting comes to represent passivity and immobility. Accordingly, women are expected to 'move on' and be active in their own self-governance, which adapts to conventional norms of femininity. In the second part of this article, I demonstrate how the option of non-waiting dismantles and reworks heteronormative life scripts, and offers new subject positions for single women. These reflections propose alternative timetables that allow single women to reclaim their temporal agency and redefine their own temporal rhythms and life trajectories.

Although women make up the majority of the local work force, they tend to be concentrated in lower grades and are underrepresented at senior management level Wilson (2002). The phenomenon of overrating men and underrating women job candidates appears to be widespread. There is a need to assess the leadership behavior of both sexes in senior management level to ascertain which of the gender is task-oriented or relationship-oriented to ascertain who has a well balanced approach of leadership behavior. The study adopted a case study research design. Using an adopted and pilot–tested questionnaire, data were collected from the sample of 65 respondents who are Heads of Departments and were selected using proportional sampling technique from each faculty, in Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) respectively. Data were analysed using simple percentage. The results showed that the men are more task-oriented while the women are more relationship-oriented and are still able to carry out their task effectively. Thus, it was recommended that more concerns should be shown to more involvement of women in senior management position. An institution grows and thrives better when the subordinates feels that they are part of the organization and their contribution counts.

The article reports the results of a content analysis of 78 Italian toy commercials and 142 characters. The research aims to determine the level of sex typing in Italian television advertising directed to children. The analysis reveals a considerable difference in the portrayals of boys and girls, though more nuanced than in the past. Boys outnumber girls and are depicted in both major and minor roles, involved mostly in competitive group activities, accompanied only by male voice-over. They are dressed in various colours, are mainly in bright outdoor locations and play mostly with action figures, built games, and transportation and construction toys. Girls, instead, are still mostly dressed in pastel coloured clothes, are indoors and play mainly with dolls and animals, in collaborative interactions. They only build things in the presence of boys and are sometimes accompanied by a male voice-over. However, they are also more active, independent and in major roles than the boys. Henc...

Objective: Accurate assessment of pain is central to diagnosis and treatment in healthcare, especially in pediatrics. However, few studies have examined potential biases in adult observer ratings of children’s pain. Cohen et al. (2014) reported that adult participants rated a child undergoing a medical procedure as feeling more pain when the child was described as a boy as compared to a girl, suggesting a possible gender bias. To confirm, clarify, and extend this finding, we conducted a replication experiment and follow-up study examining the role of explicit gender stereotypes in shaping such asymmetric judgments.

Method: In an independent, pre-registered, direct replication and extension study with open data and materials (https://osf.io/t73c4/), we showed participants the same video from Cohen et al. (2014), with the child described as a boy or a girl depending on condition. We then asked adults to rate how much pain the child experienced and displayed, how typical the child was in these respects, and how much they agreed with explicit gender stereotypes concerning pain response in boys versus girls.

Results: Similar to Cohen et al. (2014), but with a larger and more demographically diverse sample, we found that the ‘boy’ was rated as experiencing more pain than the ‘girl’ despite identical clinical circumstances and identical pain behavior cross conditions. Controlling for explicit gender stereotypes eliminated the effect.

Conclusions: Explicit gender stereotypes—e.g., that boys are more stoic or girls are more emotive—may bias adult assessment of children’s pain.

“Masculinities” is the central issue in the field of men’s studies, and also an important concept to understand men’s psychological processes and life experiences. Earlier research on the psychology of men usually defined “masculinities” based on essentialism, while recent developments of social constructionism offer an alternative viewpoint to understand “masculinities” as construction processes, but a group of innate traits. Poststructuralism even treats “masculinities” as linguistic or discursive constructions. The purpose of this study was to explore how a group of young adult men construct their masculinities based on social constructionist, feminist, and poststructuralist thoughts.

Discourse analysis is the research method of this study. Analytic strategies from Discursive Psychology (DP), Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA), and Feminist Poststructuralist Discourse Analysis (FPDA) were used to analyze five male participants’ narratives about their experiences as men. Data were taken from qualitative interviews conducted by the researcher. Several thematic “gendered” stories were extracted from the transcribed texts for use to analyze the discursive constructions of masculinities. The major results include two parts:

First, in the individual case analysis, each participant performs the characteristics of his constructions of masculinities in the narrating and the narrated events with different styles. Most participants draw in dominant discourses to construct their masculine identities; while on the other hand, they also draw in alternative discourses to construct their masculine identities. Both of these discourses offer possibly conflicting subjective positions for the participants to take on and result in “ideological dilemmas.” The masculine identities that the most participants perform are diverse, fluid, and contradictory.

Second, in the integrative analysis, the three major discourses which are related to the constructions of masculinities in the five participants’ narratives are: 1. Masculinities Discourses (including sub-discourses such as “Men As Power,” “Competence and Competition,” “Tough Guys,” “Traditional Men,” “Being A Man Is Hard,” “Tender Men,” and “Young Boys”); 2. Related Gendered Discourses (including sub-discourses such as “Gender Differences,” “Misogyny,” “Heteronormativity,” and “Gender Equality”); and 3. Social-Cultural Discourses (including sub-discourses such as “Indigenous Culture,” “Western Culture,” “Moral,” and “Academic”). These discourses do not exit independently, but connect with each other via interdiscursivity. A discourse may affiliate to/ally with another, or it can contradict/compete with another. Each participant’s constructions of masculinities are more or less influenced by these discourses. Their subjectivities may be positioned by these discourses, but in can be vice versa that they utilize these discourses to position themselves. The strategies that each participant uses when encountering a dominant or alternative discourse are different. He may accept or submit to the discourse, or he may resist or challenge it. Based on the two dimensions of agency and the content of discourses, the discursive constructions of masculinities can be classified into four styles, namely Rebellious/Resistant, Traditional, Transitional, and Hegemonic. A man’s constructions of masculinities can move among these four styles. The majority of the participants are mostly towards the Traditional style of masculinities, and only one participant is between the Rebellious/Resistant and Transitional styles, while none belongs purely to Hegemonic style.

Based on the analysis above, this study tries to empirically analyze the constructions of masculinities to inquire the plural forms of masculinities of young adult men in Taiwan. The results can offer implications for counseling psychologists, gender equity educators, or other helping professionals to offer better services for men.

This research aimed to explore children’s play in relation to gender stereotypes and beliefs and practices of educators in preschool settings.  A feminist poststructuralist approach framed the design of the research and data was collected in two settings through predetermined categories of play during periods of spontaneous free play. The question asked in this research was, do early childhood educators’ perceptions of gender influence children’s play? Findings suggest that there were differences between these two settings and these differences are explained through individual beliefs and practices of the educators.

This article analyses the debates about mixed marriages held within the Roman Curia (and especially the Roman Inquisition) between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries, integrating these debates with the normative and prescriptive literature. These authorities generally considered mixed marriages between Protestants and Catholics valid and even sacramental in virtue of the shared sacrament of the baptism, but at the same time constructed such unions as ‘carnal crimes’ to ‘abhor’. They believed that the most harmful effect of these polluting unions was that the Catholic partner might become tolerant of Protestantism, rendering the ‘heretic’ dangerously, contagiously familiar and abandoning future generations to heresy. Women were a particular concern for these authorities. Drawing upon traditional and somewhat contradictory ideas about women, they saw the wives in these marriages on one hand as particularly likely to be seduced by the ‘false faith’ because of their presumed weakness, but on the other hand they recognised women as a group with a special talent for beguiling men and so entrusted them with a missionary function towards their ‘heretical’ husbands. The role women could assume in mixed marriages therefore dynamised gender relations, but also caused social tension because of the challenge to patriarchal society, especially if they continued to practice their own faith and were entrusted with the religious education of the children.

Advertisers carefully choose the appropriate language to engage the audience for entertainment and informing about the product and service choices. However, not much research has simultaneously been carried out on the interaction of verbal and nonverbal cues in advertising testimonials. Therefore, this dissertation seeks to expose the patterned linguistic and non-linguistic gender-based attention-getting communicative signs. The study is based on quantitative and qualitative approaches carried on one-day recording from the MATVA corpus-Multimodal Analysis of TV Ads-provided by Dr Barry Pennock-Speck. This study entails a multimodal analysis which involves the examination of selected verbal and nonverbal communicative features. The findings inform us about the existence of gendered attitudes in the speaking characters, which depend on the type and quantity of attention-seeking devices. On one hand, male characters linguistically tend to be portrayed as dominant figures except from male children or humorous characters. Conversely, female speakers appear depicted as advisers or/and weak characters in need of help. Concerning non-linguistic communicative features, male characters, on the other hand, are characterised by a more powerful and distant profile which differs from the depiction of females, who might remain as more persuasive by employing more physical attention-seeking communicative techniques.

Możemy być uprzedzeni, nawet jeśli tego nie chcemy. Myślę, że niewiele osób przyznałoby, że kobiety należy oceniać zgodnie z wyższymi, trudniejszymi i zmiennymi standardami; karać je za zachowanie akceptowane u mężczyzn; albo uznawać za słuszne, że płaci się im mniej za tę samą pracę. Jednak, gdy kategoryzujemy kogoś jako mężczyznę lub kobietę […], automatycznie aktywujemy skojarzenia związane z płcią i odbieramy go/ją przez filtr kulturowych przekonań i norm. To seksizm, który zszedł do podziemia – nieświadomy i niezamierzony.
Zmagania empiryczne nad neuronalnymi różnicami płciowymi rozpoczęły się na poważnie w połowie XIX wieku. Ustalenia wiktoriańskich naukowców były „kluczowym źródłem… sprzeciwu” wobec prawa wyborczego kobiet i równego dostępu do edukacji wyższej. […] Miejsce taśm mierniczych i wag zajęły potężne technologie neuroobrazowania […]. Najwyższej próby nowoczesne skanery dają nam bezprecedensowe informacje na temat struktury i działania mózgu. […] ważne zatem, byśmy nie wpadli w te same pułapki. Kiedy pewnie stawiamy tezy o głęboko zakorzenionych różnicach psychologicznych między kobietami a mężczyznami, to nie dostrzeżemy fałszywych odkryć, raczkującej nowej technologii, niejasnej zależności między strukturą mózgu a funkcjami psychologicznymi oraz trudności z wnioskowaniem o stanach psychologicznych na podstawie danych z neuroobrazowania.

In 1996, The Quiet Man topped an Irish Times poll for the best Irish film of all time. Almost ten years later, with many more Irish (and Irish-themed) films made, The Quiet Man still occupied number four in a poll of 10,000 people across Ireland. John Ford's greatest commercial success, the film also set a template for Ireland's representation, and promotion, for over half a century.

This book, The Quiet Man ... and Beyond, involves both critical analysis of aspects of The Quiet Man as myth, commodity and fetish and the celebration of a film that has sustained considerable academic attention and popular appreciation since its release in 1952. Among the topics considered are the complexity of the film's relation to Ireland, to Irish literature and to John Ford's other films; its perceived place with regard to indigenous Irish cinema; and the phenomenon of its circulation and reception as a cult film over the years.

Contributors include Ruth Barton, James P. Byrne, Sean Crosson, Fidelma Farley, Roddy Flynn, Adrian Frazier, Luke Gibbons, Michael Patrick Gillespie, Conor Groome, John Hill, Des MacHale, Barry Monahan, Brian O'Conchubhair, Diog O'Connell, Caitriona O'Torna, Tom Paulus, Sean Ryder, Eamonn Slater and Rod Stoneman.

Il testo vuole incarnare una possibile mediazione tra universi culturali lontani ed essere una lettura propedeutica per chi intenda addentrarsi nella tematica, lasciando che la fede cristiana s’interroghi liberamente sul ‘gender’. Un approccio sereno e critico sia alla cultura laica di genere – della quale si esaminano i nodi principali – sia a quella cattolica, con l’intento di superare le reciproche diffidenze e cercare insieme una verità umanizzante per tutti. L’obiettivo è gettare delle basi condivisibili su cui costruire una sintesi teologica più ampia. Un testo che, nell’esaminare i nodi teoretici, volge lo sguardo alla recente campagna ‘anti-gender’, cercando di fornire le coordinate utili a svelenire il clima e muoversi al suo interno con padronanza di lessico e concettualità. In questo senso, l’opera vuole essere uno strumento per formatori, pastori e attivisti che vogliano introdursi nella complessità senza scorciatoie, per cogliere la ricchezza del ‘pensiero di genere’: nell’orizzonte della promozione di un benessere comunitario e individuale.

International relations must distance itself from its Eurocentric and masculine moorings if it is to address its increasing irrelevance in the modern world and become more "international" and truly inclusive. The theoretical position of postcolonial feminism gives the discipline the best chance of doing so. The effect of conflict on women in Kashmir and the North East illustrates how a postcolonial feminist perspective enriches an understanding of the issue and enables international relations to reflect the lived reality of the people. - See more at: http://www.epw.in/journal/2017/20/special-articles/can-postcolonial-feminism-revive-international-relations.html#sthash.YHvmoJy9.dpuf

The twentieth century was the century of women, feminism, and the feminist novel in Latin America. The history of Latin American feminism presents three milestones: first, the women's movements that demanded political and civil equality at the beginning of the century and culminated in the 1950s with what Julieta Kirkwood called "the years of si lence"; second, the violent decades of the 1970s and 1980s, when women challenged their historic exclusion from political life, showed how authoritarian regimes replicated patriarchal oppression, and developed feminist theories and practices; and third, the 1990s, when women focused on the damaging effects of neoliberalism, which impacted the activism of women and the development of feminist ideas. This chapter focuses on the feminist novel since the 1950s, when women ventured into a genre they had barely pub lished in the past, and traces its course through the multiple positions that Latin Ameri can feminism took during the twentieth century.

—Honour killing-a form of gender violence is perceived as darker side of culture in many societies. Usually, religious radicalism or social backwardness is considered basic factor behind honour killings. However, to analyze underlying causes of such social action; it is essential to understand the respective cultural context, its diversities or peculiarities where such incidents occur. The empirical analysis of Qandeel Baloch's case study deciphers the cultural dynamics of female honour killing from the lenses of Pakistan's traditional Punjabi society. The research further highlights that how blend of fast pace social media communication channels and slow paced social change impacts individuals' mutual relationship in a closely-knitted traditional society.

Gender research, although becoming increasingly present in Egyptology, is only rarely found in studies of war and violence in ancient Egypt. Adopting gender theory in researching military violence in New Kingdom Egypt can provide us with additional insight in understanding the possible meanings behind the practice of genital mutilation in war. The practice of removal of the phalli of the enemies in war is attested in ancient Egypt for the first time in Early Dynastic Period (Narmer palette). However, larger number of attestations, with more details and information on this war practice, are of Ramesside date (Medinet Habu temple and Athribis stela). The principal problem is that doubts have been raised on the identification of the cut off body parts as some authors argue that it were not phalli, but phalli-cases which were cut off. This paper will offer both philological and, so far not provided iconographic evidence that indeed phalli were cut off during the New Kingdom and only from the “Libyan” enemies. This is followed by discussion on the phalli cutting custom in relation to military violence and gender. Assuming the theory of gender performativity (sensu Judith Butler) the paper will explore how sexes/genders are materialized through military violence using phalli cutting as a case study. It will be argued that both gender as a performative practice and sexes/genders as body parts (cut off members) can be materialized through violence and representation.

Unveiling the Veiled
Royal Consorts, Slaves and Prostitutes in Qajar Photographs

Photo exhibition curated by: Dr. Pedram Khosronejad
Associate Director for Iranian and Persian Gulf Studies, Oklahoma State University

A special Exhibit and Panel Discussion as part of the UCSB Conference on:

"Slavery and Sexual Labor in the Middle East and North Africa"
Mosher Alumni House, McCune Library, UC Santa Barbara.

Saturday October 20th 2018
Co-sponsored by: The Iranian Studies Initiative, UCSB, the Middle East Studies Program, SBCC and the International Qajar Studies Association (IQSA)

This study investigates how age, gender, social class and dialect influence how frequently speakers of British English use intensifiers (e.g. 'very') in private conversations and whether this has changed over the last two decades. With data drawn from over 600 speakers and 4 M. words included in the British National Corpus 1994 and 2014, it is the most comprehensive study of intensifier usage to date, taking into account 111 intensifier variants. Results show that, in most age groups and social classes, men use intensifiers less frequently than women, and gender differences have diminished to a very limited extent, notably for the middle class. Moreover, intensification rate has increased across the board over time. This could be due to a shift towards a stereotypically more feminine communicative style as the perception of gender roles has changed, a process by which the middle class might have been particularly affected.

Over the past ten years, 'The Girl Effect'–the discourse and practice of investing in third world girls' education—has ascended to the top of the international development agenda as the 'highest return investment strategy' to end poverty. This paper interrogates the trend by investigating the genealogy of 'The Girl Effect' as The Nike Foundation's flagship corporate social responsibility campaign and the theory of change it is based on. A literature analysis of The Nike Foundation's most recent intervention projects— " The Girl Effect Accelerator " and 'Girl Hub' pilot projects in Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Rwanda—will elucidate the underlying investment logic and serve as a representative sample of the broader emerging practice. While claiming to advance " gender equality " and " women's empowerment " , I argue that The Girl Effect accomplishes the opposite by reinforcing gender inequity on both the micro and macro levels. Feminist grammars are instrumentalized as window dressing to exploit third world females as prospective (1) debtors in the expansion of credit markets, (2) exploits in the expansion of consumer markets, and (3) the 'untapped resource' for cheap labor. An epochal look at second wave feminism will show how 'The Girl Effect Paradigm' is a second wave of neoliberal exploitation—a parallel of its first female-led development era (1980s-1990s). This paper warns that as this phenomenon grows in hegemony it is insidiously displacing feminism as a political project and neutralizing the need for a truly transformational agenda. Without a counterbalance of vigilant public scrutiny and debate, we risk letting it crystallize Western-patriarchal-capitalism even more deeply in an unyielding global glass ceiling.

The Lizzie Borden murder trial, one of the most infamous cases in the 1800s, intrigued the public across the nation because the daughter was accused of axing her parents, and because of the trial and its outcome–nobody was ever convicted of what some called the crime of the century. This paper adds to the discourse of analytical discussion of the case: how the sensational press coverage exposed social and gender issues.

From 2008 to 2009, “herbivore men (sôshoku danshi or sôshoku-kei danshi in Japanese)” became a trendy, widely used term in Japanese. It flourished in all sorts of media, including TV, the Internet, newspapers and magazines, and could even occasionally be heard in everyday conversation. As it became more popular its original meaning was diversified, and people began to use it with a variety of different nuances. In December of 2009 it made the top ten list of nominees for the “Buzzword of the Year” contest sponsored by U-CAN. By 2010 it had become a standard noun, and right now, in 2011, people do not seem particularly interested in it. Buzzwords have a short lifespan, so there is a high probability that it will soon fall out of use. The fact remains, however, that the appearance of this term has radically changed the way people look at young men. It can perhaps even be described as an epochal event in the history of the male gender in Japan.

This paper aims to present the subordination of indigenous homosexuality in Brazil as an inherent part of the settlement, making use of the contributions of two-spirit authors. It brings the literature on the Brazilian indigenous peoples, demonstrating its recent perception as “cultural loss”; the two-spirit perspective on colonization as heteronormative process; and some thoughts on the Brazilian case. It is shown that colonization necessarily creates devices to normalize indigenous sexualities, shaping them to the colonial order. So, disciplining practices and responses by indigenous allow us to understand more about indigenous movements, interethnic relations, indigenous policies, as well as power relations in these national contexts.

Il s'agit d'une tentative d'élaboration d'une théorie du discours fondée sur les pronoms personnels d'énoncés "je" ( discours égolocutif), "tu" (discours allocutif), "il" (discours délocutif). Sans chercher à heurter la sensibilité des partisans de l'opposition récit/discours, nous revenons sur cette question pour en relativiser la dualité cloisonnante au vue des travaux initiés par Genette. Ensuite, après avoir analysé, exemples littéraires à l'appui, les implications de cette triptyque dans la classification dynamique et des genres et textes littéraires, nous voyons comment elle permet d'approcher objectivement la polyphonie discursive des textes, et ce, dans le cadre d'une morphogenèse de formes discursives - Je pense notamment à mes maîtres: Pierre Cadiot (in mémoriam), Peer Aage Brandt (Case Uninersity). MERCi et Bonne lecture. J'attends vos avis, mon mail est indiqué sur la première page ( pas l'adresse: je n'y habite plus).