Co-authored-by: Oleg Iarygin <dralife@yandex.ru>

Converting a large enough `int` to a decimal string raises `ValueError` as expected. However, the raise comes _after_ the quadratic-time base-conversion algorithm has run to completion. For effective DOS prevention, we need some kind of check before entering the quadratic-time loop. Oops! =)

The quick fix: essentially we catch _most_ values that exceed the threshold up front. Those that slip through will still be on the small side (read: sufficiently fast), and will get caught by the existing check so that the limit remains exact.

The justification for the current check. The C code check is:
```c
max_str_digits / (3 * PyLong_SHIFT) <= (size_a - 11) / 10
```

In GitHub markdown math-speak, writing $M$ for `max_str_digits`, $L$ for `PyLong_SHIFT` and $s$ for `size_a`, that check is:
$$\left\lfloor\frac{M}{3L}\right\rfloor \le \left\lfloor\frac{s - 11}{10}\right\rfloor$$

From this it follows that
$$\frac{M}{3L} < \frac{s-1}{10}$$
hence that
$$\frac{L(s-1)}{M} > \frac{10}{3} > \log_2(10).$$
So
$$2^{L(s-1)} > 10^M.$$
But our input integer $a$ satisfies $|a| \ge 2^{L(s-1)}$, so $|a|$ is larger than $10^M$. This shows that we don't accidentally capture anything _below_ the intended limit in the check.

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* Issue: gh-95778
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Co-authored-by: Gregory P. Smith [Google LLC] <greg@krypto.org>

accross -> across

* gh-68163: Correct conversion of Rational instances to float

Also document that numerator/denominator properties are instances of Integral.

Co-authored-by: Mark Dickinson <dickinsm@gmail.com>

Link to #93884 
* Test with some large negative and positive values(out of range of a longlong,i.e.[-2\*\*63, 2\*\*63-1])
* Test with objects of non-int type

Automerge-Triggered-By: GH:mdickinson

Per mdickinson@'s comment on the main branch PR.

GH-96527)

…#96481)

Co-authored-by: Jelle Zijlstra <jelle.zijlstra@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Martin Panter <vadmium@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Terry Jan Reedy <tjreedy@udel.edu>

Also rearrange some items in the list.

Co-authored-by: Thomas Grainger <tagrain@gmail.com>

Integer to and from text conversions via CPython's bignum `int` type is not safe against denial of service attacks due to malicious input. Very large input strings with hundred thousands of digits can consume several CPU seconds.

This PR comes fresh from a pile of work done in our private PSRT security response team repo.

Signed-off-by: Christian Heimes [Red Hat] <christian@python.org>
Tons-of-polishing-up-by: Gregory P. Smith [Google] <greg@krypto.org>
Reviews via the private PSRT repo via many others (see the NEWS entry in the PR).

<!-- gh-issue-number: gh-95778 -->
* Issue: gh-95778
<!-- /gh-issue-number -->

I wrote up [a one pager for the release managers](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KjuF_aXlzPUxTK4BMgezGJ2Pn7uevfX7g0_mvgHlL7Y/edit#). Much of that text wound up in the Issue. Backports PRs already exist. See the issue for links.

Co-authored-by: C.A.M. Gerlach <CAM.Gerlach@Gerlach.CAM>
Co-authored-by: Ezio Melotti <ezio.melotti@gmail.com>

…C bytecode (GH-96456)

minor missed test cleanup to use the modern API from the big review.

Automerge-Triggered-By: GH:gpshead

Co-authored-by: Éric <merwok@netwok.org>

…#96433)

* gh-96132: Add some comments and minor fixes missed in the original PR

* Update Doc/using/cmdline.rst

Co-authored-by: Kumar Aditya <59607654+kumaraditya303@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: Kumar Aditya <59607654+kumaraditya303@users.noreply.github.com>

* Automatically update the `asyncio` GitHub project.

* Use a matrix to add issues to projects.

* Remove trailing whitespace.

Co-authored-by: Hugo van Kemenade <hugovk@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: Hugo van Kemenade <hugovk@users.noreply.github.com>

… HTTP status category (GH-95453)