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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<head>

<title>27. 開發工具 — Python 3.7.0 說明文件</title>

title="在 Python 3.7.0 說明文件中搜尋"

href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>

</head><body>

<ul>

<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"

accesskey="I">索引</a></li>

<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python 模組索引"

>模組</a> |</li>

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accesskey="N">下一頁</a> |</li>

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<a href="../index.html">Documentation </a> »

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<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Python 標準函式庫 (Standard Library)</a> »</li>

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</ul>

</div>

<p>The modules described in this chapter help you write software. For example, the

<a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html#module-pydoc" title="pydoc: Documentation generator and online help system."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code></a> module takes a module and generates documentation based on the

module’s contents. The <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code></a> modules contains

frameworks for writing unit tests that automatically exercise code and verify

that the expected output is produced. <strong class="program">2to3</strong> can translate Python 2.x

source code into valid Python 3.x code.</p>

<p>The list of modules described in this chapter is:</p>

<ul>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html">27.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> — Support for type hints</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#type-aliases">27.1.1. Type aliases</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#newtype">27.1.2. NewType</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#callable">27.1.3. Callable</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#generics">27.1.4. Generics</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#user-defined-generic-types">27.1.5. User-defined generic types</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#classes-functions-and-decorators">27.1.7. Classes, functions, and decorators</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html">27.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html">27.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">27.3.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">27.3.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#how-it-works">27.3.3. How It Works</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined">27.3.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">27.3.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#what-s-the-execution-context">27.3.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#what-about-exceptions">27.3.3.4. What About Exceptions?</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#option-flags">27.3.3.5. Option Flags</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#directives">27.3.3.6. Directives</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#warnings">27.3.3.7. Warnings</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#basic-api">27.3.4. Basic API</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#unittest-api">27.3.5. Unittest API</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#advanced-api">27.3.6. Advanced API</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctest-objects">27.3.6.1. DocTest Objects</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#example-objects">27.3.6.2. Example Objects</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestfinder-objects">27.3.6.3. DocTestFinder objects</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestparser-objects">27.3.6.4. DocTestParser objects</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestrunner-objects">27.3.6.5. DocTestRunner objects</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#outputchecker-objects">27.3.6.6. OutputChecker objects</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#debugging">27.3.7. Debugging</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#soapbox">27.3.8. Soapbox</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html">27.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — 單元測試框架</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#command-line-interface">27.4.2. 命令執行列介面 (Command-Line Interface)</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#command-line-options">27.4.2.1. 命令列模式選項</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#test-discovery">27.4.3. Test Discovery（測試探索）</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#organizing-test-code">27.4.4. Organizing test code</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#re-using-old-test-code">27.4.5. Re-using old test code</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures">27.4.6. Skipping tests and expected failures</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#distinguishing-test-iterations-using-subtests">27.4.7. Distinguishing test iterations using subtests</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#classes-and-functions">27.4.8. Classes and functions</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#test-cases">27.4.8.1. Test cases</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#deprecated-aliases">27.4.8.1.1. Deprecated aliases</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#grouping-tests">27.4.8.2. Grouping tests</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#loading-and-running-tests">27.4.8.3. Loading and running tests</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#load-tests-protocol">27.4.8.3.1. load_tests Protocol</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#class-and-module-fixtures">27.4.9. Class and Module Fixtures</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#setupclass-and-teardownclass">27.4.9.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule">27.4.9.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#signal-handling">27.4.10. Signal Handling</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html">27.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — mock object library</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#quick-guide">27.5.1. Quick Guide</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#the-mock-class">27.5.2. The Mock Class</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#calling">27.5.2.1. Calling</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#deleting-attributes">27.5.2.2. Deleting Attributes</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#mock-names-and-the-name-attribute">27.5.2.3. Mock names and the name attribute</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">27.5.2.4. Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#the-patchers">27.5.3. The patchers</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch">27.5.3.1. patch</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-object">27.5.3.2. patch.object</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-dict">27.5.3.3. patch.dict</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-multiple">27.5.3.4. patch.multiple</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop">27.5.3.5. patch methods: start and stop</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-builtins">27.5.3.6. patch builtins</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#test-prefix">27.5.3.7. TEST_PREFIX</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#nesting-patch-decorators">27.5.3.8. Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#where-to-patch">27.5.3.9. Where to patch</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">27.5.3.10. Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#magicmock-and-magic-method-support">27.5.4. MagicMock and magic method support</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#mocking-magic-methods">27.5.4.1. Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#magic-mock">27.5.4.2. Magic Mock</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#helpers">27.5.5. Helpers</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#sentinel">27.5.5.1. sentinel</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#default">27.5.5.2. DEFAULT</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#create-autospec">27.5.5.4. create_autospec</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#filter-dir">27.5.5.6. FILTER_DIR</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#autospeccing">27.5.5.8. Autospeccing</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#sealing-mocks">27.5.5.9. Sealing mocks</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html">27.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — getting started</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#using-mock">27.6.1. Using Mock</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-patching-methods">27.6.1.1. Mock Patching Methods</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">27.6.1.2. Mock for Method Calls on an Object</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-classes">27.6.1.3. Mocking Classes</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#naming-your-mocks">27.6.1.4. Naming your mocks</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-all-calls">27.6.1.5. Tracking all Calls</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#setting-return-values-and-attributes">27.6.1.6. Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">27.6.1.7. Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#side-effect-functions-and-iterables">27.6.1.8. Side effect functions and iterables</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">27.6.1.9. Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#patch-decorators">27.6.2. Patch Decorators</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#further-examples">27.6.3. Further Examples</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">27.6.3.1. Mocking chained calls</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#partial-mocking">27.6.3.2. Partial mocking</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">27.6.3.3. Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">27.6.3.4. Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">27.6.3.5. Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">27.6.3.6. Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">27.6.3.7. Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#nesting-patches">27.6.3.8. Nesting Patches</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">27.6.3.9. Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">27.6.3.10. Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">27.6.3.11. Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">27.6.3.12. Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">27.6.3.13. More complex argument matching</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html">27.7. 2to3 - 自動將 Python 2的程式碼轉成 Python 3</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html#fixers">27.7.2. Fixers</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html#module-lib2to3">27.7.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> - 2to3’s library</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html">27.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a><ul>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#writing-unit-tests-for-the-test-package">27.8.1. Writing Unit Tests for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> package</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#running-tests-using-the-command-line-interface">27.8.2. Running tests using the command-line interface</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support">27.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li>

<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.script_helper">27.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.script_helper</span></code> — Utilities for the Python execution tests</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<p>See also the Python development mode: the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#id5"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-X</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dev</span></code> option and

<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONDEVMODE"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONDEVMODE</span></code></a> environment variable.</p>

</div>

<p class="topless"><a href="othergui.html"

title="上一章">26.6. 其它的 GUI</a></p>

<p class="topless"><a href="typing.html"

title="下一章">27.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> — Support for type hints</a></p>

<li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>

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