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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<head>

<title>安裝 Python 模組 — Python 3.7.0 說明文件</title>

title="在 Python 3.7.0 說明文件中搜尋"

href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>

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</div>

<span id="installing-index"></span><h1>安裝 Python 模組<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-python-modules" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h1>

<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Email:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="mailto:distutils-sig%40python.org">distutils-sig<span>@</span>python<span>.</span>org</a></td>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<p>As a popular open source development project, Python has an active

supporting community of contributors and users that also make their software

available for other Python developers to use under open source license terms.</p>

<p>This allows Python users to share and collaborate effectively, benefiting

from the solutions others have already created to common (and sometimes

even rare!) problems, as well as potentially contributing their own

solutions to the common pool.</p>

<p>This guide covers the installation part of the process. For a guide to

creating and sharing your own Python projects, refer to the

<a class="reference internal" href="../distributing/index.html#distributing-index"><span class="std std-ref">distribution guide</span></a>.</p>

<p class="last">For corporate and other institutional users, be aware that many

organisations have their own policies around using and contributing to

open source software. Please take such policies into account when making

use of the distribution and installation tools provided with Python.</p>

</div>

<h2>Key terms<a class="headerlink" href="#key-terms" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>

<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> is the preferred installer program. Starting with Python 3.4, it

is included by default with the Python binary installers.</li>

<li>A <em>virtual environment</em> is a semi-isolated Python environment that allows

packages to be installed for use by a particular application, rather than

being installed system wide.</li>

<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> is the standard tool for creating virtual environments, and has

been part of Python since Python 3.3. Starting with Python 3.4, it

defaults to installing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> into all created virtual environments.</li>

<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virtualenv</span></code> is a third party alternative (and predecessor) to

<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code>. It allows virtual environments to be used on versions of

Python prior to 3.4, which either don’t provide <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> at all, or

aren’t able to automatically install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> into created environments.</li>

<li>The <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python Packaging Index</a> is a public

repository of open source licensed packages made available for use by

other Python users.</li>

<li>the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.pypa.io/">Python Packaging Authority</a> are the group of

developers and documentation authors responsible for the maintenance and

evolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata and

file format standards. They maintain a variety of tools, documentation,

and issue trackers on both <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pypa">GitHub</a> and

<a class="reference external" href="https://bitbucket.org/pypa/">BitBucket</a>.</li>

<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> is the original build and distribution system first added to

the Python standard library in 1998. While direct use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> is

being phased out, it still laid the foundation for the current packaging

and distribution infrastructure, and it not only remains part of the

standard library, but its name lives on in other ways (such as the name

of the mailing list used to coordinate Python packaging standards

development).</li>

</ul>

<p><span class="versionmodified">3.6 版後已棄用: </span><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyvenv</span></code> was the recommended tool for creating virtual environments for

Python 3.3 and 3.4, and is <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/dev/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-features">deprecated in Python 3.6</a>.</p>

</div>

<p><span class="versionmodified">3.5 版更變: </span>The use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> is now recommended for creating virtual environments.</p>

</div>

<p class="last"><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/installing/#creating-virtual-environments">Python Packaging User Guide: Creating and using virtual environments</a></p>

</div>

<h2>Basic usage<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>

<p>The standard packaging tools are all designed to be used from the command

line.</p>

<p>The following command will install the latest version of a module and its

dependencies from the Python Packaging Index:</p>

<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python -m pip install SomePackage

</pre></div>

</div>

<p>For POSIX users (including Mac OS X and Linux users), the examples in

this guide assume the use of a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-virtual-environment"><span class="xref std std-term">virtual environment</span></a>.</p>

<p class="last">For Windows users, the examples in this guide assume that the option to

adjust the system PATH environment variable was selected when installing

Python.</p>

</div>

<p>It’s also possible to specify an exact or minimum version directly on the

command line. When using comparator operators such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">></span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><</span></code> or some other

special character which get interpreted by shell, the package name and the

version should be enclosed within double quotes:</p>

<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python -m pip install SomePackage==1.0.4 # specific version

python -m pip install "SomePackage>=1.0.4" # minimum version

</pre></div>

</div>

<p>Normally, if a suitable module is already installed, attempting to install

it again will have no effect. Upgrading existing modules must be requested

explicitly:</p>

<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python -m pip install --upgrade SomePackage

</pre></div>

</div>

<p>More information and resources regarding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> and its capabilities can be

found in the <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org">Python Packaging User Guide</a>.</p>

<p>Creation of virtual environments is done through the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a> module.

Installing packages into an active virtual environment uses the commands shown

above.</p>

<p class="last"><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/installing/">Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Python Distribution Packages</a></p>

</div>

<p>These are quick answers or links for some common tasks.</p>

<h3>… install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?<a class="headerlink" href="#install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>Python only started bundling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> with Python 3.4. For earlier versions,

<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> needs to be 「bootstrapped」 as described in the Python Packaging

User Guide.</p>

<p class="last"><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/installing/#requirements-for-installing-packages">Python Packaging User Guide: Requirements for Installing Packages</a></p>

</div>

<h3>… install packages just for the current user?<a class="headerlink" href="#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>Passing the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--user</span></code> option to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> will install a

package just for the current user, rather than for all users of the system.</p>

</div>

<h3>… install scientific Python packages?<a class="headerlink" href="#install-scientific-python-packages" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>A number of scientific Python packages have complex binary dependencies, and

aren’t currently easy to install using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> directly. At this point in

time, it will often be easier for users to install these packages by

<a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/science/">other means</a>

rather than attempting to install them with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>.</p>

<p class="last"><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/science/">Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Scientific Packages</a></p>

</div>

<h3>… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?<a class="headerlink" href="#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>On Linux, Mac OS X, and other POSIX systems, use the versioned Python commands

in combination with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code> switch to run the appropriate copy of

<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2

python2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7

python3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3

python3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4

</pre></div>

</div>

<p>Appropriately versioned <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> commands may also be available.</p>

<p>On Windows, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py</span></code> Python launcher in combination with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code>

switch:</p>

<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>py -2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2

py -2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7

py -3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3

py -3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4

</pre></div>

</div>

<h2>Common installation issues<a class="headerlink" href="#common-installation-issues" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>

<h3>Installing into the system Python on Linux<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>On Linux systems, a Python installation will typically be included as part

of the distribution. Installing into this Python installation requires

root access to the system, and may interfere with the operation of the

system package manager and other components of the system if a component

is unexpectedly upgraded using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>.</p>

<p>On such systems, it is often better to use a virtual environment or a

per-user installation when installing packages with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>.</p>

</div>

<h3>Pip not installed<a class="headerlink" href="#pip-not-installed" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>It is possible that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> does not get installed by default. One potential fix is:</p>

<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python -m ensurepip --default-pip

</pre></div>

</div>

<p>There are also additional resources for <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/installing-packages/#install-pip-setuptools-and-wheel">installing pip.</a></p>

</div>

<h3>Installing binary extensions<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-binary-extensions" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>Python has typically relied heavily on source based distribution, with end

users being expected to compile extension modules from source as part of

the installation process.</p>

<p>With the introduction of support for the binary <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wheel</span></code> format, and the

ability to publish wheels for at least Windows and Mac OS X through the

Python Packaging Index, this problem is expected to diminish over time,

as users are more regularly able to install pre-built extensions rather

than needing to build them themselves.</p>

<p>Some of the solutions for installing <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/science/">scientific software</a>

that are not yet available as pre-built <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wheel</span></code> files may also help with

obtaining other binary extensions without needing to build them locally.</p>

<p class="last"><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/extensions/">Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions</a></p>

</div>

<ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">安裝 Python 模組</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#key-terms">Key terms</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4">… install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">… install packages just for the current user?</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-scientific-python-packages">… install scientific Python packages?</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#common-installation-issues">Common installation issues</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux">Installing into the system Python on Linux</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pip-not-installed">Pip not installed</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-binary-extensions">Installing binary extensions</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

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