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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<head>

<title>圖形化使用者界面常見問答集 — Python 3.7.0 說明文件</title>

title="在 Python 3.7.0 說明文件中搜尋"

href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>

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<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">圖形化使用者界面常見問答集</a><a class="headerlink" href="#graphic-user-interface-faq" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h1>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#graphic-user-interface-faq" id="id3">圖形化使用者界面常見問答集</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-gui-questions" id="id4">常見圖形化使用者界面(GUI) 問題</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" id="id5">What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter" id="id6">Tkinter</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wxwidgets" id="id7">wxWidgets</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#opengl" id="id12">開放圖形庫(OpenGL)</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" id="id13">What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-questions" id="id14">Tkinter questions</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-freeze-tkinter-applications" id="id15">How do I freeze Tkinter applications?</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-have-tk-events-handled-while-waiting-for-i-o" id="id16">Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O?</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#i-can-t-get-key-bindings-to-work-in-tkinter-why" id="id17">I can’t get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why?</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">常見圖形化使用者界面(GUI) 問題</a><a class="headerlink" href="#general-gui-questions" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>

</div>

<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>

<p>Depending on what platform(s) you are aiming at, there are several. Some

of them haven’t been ported to Python 3 yet. At least <a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter">Tkinter</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#qt">Qt</a>

are known to be Python 3-compatible.</p>

<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Tkinter</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>Standard builds of Python include an object-oriented interface to the Tcl/Tk

widget set, called <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tk.html#tkinter"><span class="std std-ref">tkinter</span></a>. This is probably the easiest to

install (since it comes included with most

<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/">binary distributions</a> of Python) and use.

For more info about Tk, including pointers to the source, see the

<a class="reference external" href="https://www.tcl.tk">Tcl/Tk home page</a>. Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the

Mac OS X, Windows, and Unix platforms.</p>

</div>

<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">wxWidgets</a><a class="headerlink" href="#wxwidgets" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>wxWidgets (<a class="reference external" href="https://www.wxwidgets.org">https://www.wxwidgets.org</a>) is a free, portable GUI class

library written in C++ that provides a native look and feel on a

number of platforms, with Windows, Mac OS X, GTK, X11, all listed as

current stable targets. Language bindings are available for a number

of languages including Python, Perl, Ruby, etc.</p>

<p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.wxpython.org">wxPython</a> is the Python binding for

wxwidgets. While it often lags slightly behind the official wxWidgets

releases, it also offers a number of features via pure Python

extensions that are not available in other language bindings. There

is an active wxPython user and developer community.</p>

<p>Both wxWidgets and wxPython are free, open source, software with

permissive licences that allow their use in commercial products as

well as in freeware or shareware.</p>

</div>

<p>There are bindings available for the Qt toolkit (using either <a class="reference external" href="https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro">PyQt</a> or <a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.qt.io/PySide">PySide</a>) and for KDE (<a class="reference external" href="https://techbase.kde.org/Languages/Python/Using_PyKDE_4">PyKDE4</a>).

PyQt is currently more mature than PySide, but you must buy a PyQt license from

<a class="reference external" href="https://www.riverbankcomputing.com/commercial/license-faq">Riverbank Computing</a>

if you want to write proprietary applications. PySide is free for all applications.</p>

<p>Qt 4.5 upwards is licensed under the LGPL license; also, commercial licenses

are available from <a class="reference external" href="https://www.qt.io/licensing/">The Qt Company</a>.</p>

</div>

<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/PyGObject">GObject introspection bindings</a>

for Python allow you to write GTK+ 3 applications. There is also a

<a class="reference external" href="https://python-gtk-3-tutorial.readthedocs.io">Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial</a>.</p>

<p>The older PyGtk bindings for the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.gtk.org">Gtk+ 2 toolkit</a> have

been implemented by James Henstridge; see <<a class="reference external" href="http://www.pygtk.org">http://www.pygtk.org</a>>.</p>

</div>

<p><a class="reference external" href="https://kivy.org/">Kivy</a> is a cross-platform GUI library supporting both

desktop operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) and mobile devices (Android,

iOS). It is written in Python and Cython, and can use a range of windowing

backends.</p>

<p>Kivy is free and open source software distributed under the MIT license.</p>

</div>

<p>Python bindings for <a class="reference external" href="http://www.fltk.org">the FLTK toolkit</a>, a simple yet

powerful and mature cross-platform windowing system, are available from <a class="reference external" href="http://pyfltk.sourceforge.net">the

PyFLTK project</a>.</p>

</div>

<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">開放圖形庫(OpenGL)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#opengl" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>For OpenGL bindings, see <a class="reference external" href="http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net">PyOpenGL</a>.</p>

</div>

<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>

<p>By installing the <a class="reference external" href="https://pythonhosted.org/pyobjc/">PyObjc Objective-C bridge</a>, Python programs can use Mac OS X’s

Cocoa libraries.</p>

<p><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#windows-faq"><span class="std std-ref">Pythonwin</span></a> by Mark Hammond includes an interface to the

Microsoft Foundation Classes and a Python programming environment

that’s written mostly in Python using the MFC classes.</p>

</div>

<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Tkinter questions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter-questions" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>

<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">How do I freeze Tkinter applications?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-freeze-tkinter-applications" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>Freeze is a tool to create stand-alone applications. When freezing Tkinter

applications, the applications will not be truly stand-alone, as the application

will still need the Tcl and Tk libraries.</p>

<p>One solution is to ship the application with the Tcl and Tk libraries, and point

to them at run-time using the <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TCL_LIBRARY</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TK_LIBRARY</span></code>

environment variables.</p>

<p>To get truly stand-alone applications, the Tcl scripts that form the library

have to be integrated into the application as well. One tool supporting that is

SAM (stand-alone modules), which is part of the Tix distribution

(<a class="reference external" href="http://tix.sourceforge.net/">http://tix.sourceforge.net/</a>).</p>

<p>Build Tix with SAM enabled, perform the appropriate call to

<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tclsam_init()</span></code>, etc. inside Python’s

<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Modules/tkappinit.c</span></code>, and link with libtclsam and libtksam (you

might include the Tix libraries as well).</p>

</div>

<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#can-i-have-tk-events-handled-while-waiting-for-i-o" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>On platforms other than Windows, yes, and you don’t even

need threads! But you’ll have to restructure your I/O

code a bit. Tk has the equivalent of Xt’s <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">XtAddInput()</span></code> call, which allows you

to register a callback function which will be called from the Tk mainloop when

I/O is possible on a file descriptor. See <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tkinter.html#tkinter-file-handlers"><span class="std std-ref">File Handlers</span></a>.</p>

</div>

<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">I can’t get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#i-can-t-get-key-bindings-to-work-in-tkinter-why" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>

<p>An often-heard complaint is that event handlers bound to events with the

<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bind()</span></code> method don’t get handled even when the appropriate key is pressed.</p>

<p>The most common cause is that the widget to which the binding applies doesn’t

have 「keyboard focus」. Check out the Tk documentation for the focus command.

Usually a widget is given the keyboard focus by clicking in it (but not for

labels; see the takefocus option).</p>

</div>

<ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">圖形化使用者界面常見問答集</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-gui-questions">常見圖形化使用者界面(GUI) 問題</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-questions">Tkinter questions</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

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