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# Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
#
# Translators:
# woodrow-shen <woodrow.shen@gmail.com>, 2016
# machineCYC, 2018
# Steven Hsu <hsuhaochun@gmail.com>, 2021
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.14\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2025-09-08 15:25+0800\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-06-19 14:24+0800\n"
"Last-Translator: Adrian Liaw <adrianliaw2000@gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese - TAIWAN (https://github.com/python/python-docs-zh-"
"tw)\n"
"Language: zh_TW\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 2.4.3\n"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:5
msgid "Brief Tour of the Standard Library --- Part II"
msgstr "Python 標準函式庫概覽——第二部份"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:7
msgid ""
"This second tour covers more advanced modules that support professional "
"programming needs. These modules rarely occur in small scripts."
msgstr ""
"第二部分涵蓋更多支援專業程式設計所需要的進階模組。這些模組很少出現在小腳本"
"中。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:14
msgid "Output Formatting"
msgstr "輸出格式化 (Output Formatting)"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:16
msgid ""
"The :mod:`reprlib` module provides a version of :func:`repr` customized for "
"abbreviated displays of large or deeply nested containers::"
msgstr ""
":mod:`reprlib` 模組提供了一個 :func:`repr` 的版本，專門用來以簡短的形式顯示大"
"型或深層的巢狀容器： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:19
msgid ""
">>> import reprlib\n"
">>> reprlib.repr(set('supercalifragilisticexpialidocious'))\n"
"\"{'a', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', ...}\""
msgstr ""
">>> import reprlib\n"
">>> reprlib.repr(set('supercalifragilisticexpialidocious'))\n"
"\"{'a', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', ...}\""
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:23
msgid ""
"The :mod:`pprint` module offers more sophisticated control over printing "
"both built-in and user defined objects in a way that is readable by the "
"interpreter. When the result is longer than one line, the \"pretty printer\" "
"adds line breaks and indentation to more clearly reveal data structure::"
msgstr ""
":mod:`pprint` 模組能對內建和使用者自定的物件提供更複雜的列印控制，並且是以直"
"譯器可讀的方式。當結果超過一行時，「漂亮的印表機」會加入換行和縮排，以更清楚"
"地顯示資料結構： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:28
msgid ""
">>> import pprint\n"
">>> t = [[[['black', 'cyan'], 'white', ['green', 'red']], [['magenta',\n"
"... 'yellow'], 'blue']]]\n"
"...\n"
">>> pprint.pprint(t, width=30)\n"
"[[[['black', 'cyan'],\n"
" 'white',\n"
" ['green', 'red']],\n"
" [['magenta', 'yellow'],\n"
" 'blue']]]"
msgstr ""
">>> import pprint\n"
">>> t = [[[['black', 'cyan'], 'white', ['green', 'red']], [['magenta',\n"
"... 'yellow'], 'blue']]]\n"
"...\n"
">>> pprint.pprint(t, width=30)\n"
"[[[['black', 'cyan'],\n"
" 'white',\n"
" ['green', 'red']],\n"
" [['magenta', 'yellow'],\n"
" 'blue']]]"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:39
msgid ""
"The :mod:`textwrap` module formats paragraphs of text to fit a given screen "
"width::"
msgstr ":mod:`textwrap` 模組能夠格式化文本的段落，以符合指定的螢幕寬度： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:42
msgid ""
">>> import textwrap\n"
">>> doc = \"\"\"The wrap() method is just like fill() except that it "
"returns\n"
"... a list of strings instead of one big string with newlines to separate\n"
"... the wrapped lines.\"\"\"\n"
"...\n"
">>> print(textwrap.fill(doc, width=40))\n"
"The wrap() method is just like fill()\n"
"except that it returns a list of strings\n"
"instead of one big string with newlines\n"
"to separate the wrapped lines."
msgstr ""
">>> import textwrap\n"
">>> doc = \"\"\"The wrap() method is just like fill() except that it "
"returns\n"
"... a list of strings instead of one big string with newlines to separate\n"
"... the wrapped lines.\"\"\"\n"
"...\n"
">>> print(textwrap.fill(doc, width=40))\n"
"The wrap() method is just like fill()\n"
"except that it returns a list of strings\n"
"instead of one big string with newlines\n"
"to separate the wrapped lines."
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:53
msgid ""
"The :mod:`locale` module accesses a database of culture specific data "
"formats. The grouping attribute of locale's format function provides a "
"direct way of formatting numbers with group separators::"
msgstr ""
":mod:`locale` 模組能存取一個含有特定文化相關資料格式的資料庫。locale 模組的 "
"format 函式有一個 grouping 屬性，可直接以群分隔符 (group separator) 將數字格"
"式化： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:57
msgid ""
">>> import locale\n"
">>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'English_United States.1252')\n"
"'English_United States.1252'\n"
">>> conv = locale.localeconv() # get a mapping of conventions\n"
">>> x = 1234567.8\n"
">>> locale.format_string(\"%d\", x, grouping=True)\n"
"'1,234,567'\n"
">>> locale.format_string(\"%s%.*f\", (conv['currency_symbol'],\n"
"... conv['frac_digits'], x), grouping=True)\n"
"'$1,234,567.80'"
msgstr ""
">>> import locale\n"
">>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'English_United States.1252')\n"
"'English_United States.1252'\n"
">>> conv = locale.localeconv() # 取得慣例的對映\n"
">>> x = 1234567.8\n"
">>> locale.format_string(\"%d\", x, grouping=True)\n"
"'1,234,567'\n"
">>> locale.format_string(\"%s%.*f\", (conv['currency_symbol'],\n"
"... conv['frac_digits'], x), grouping=True)\n"
"'$1,234,567.80'"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:72
msgid "Templating"
msgstr "模板化 (Templating)"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:74
msgid ""
"The :mod:`string` module includes a versatile :class:`~string.Template` "
"class with a simplified syntax suitable for editing by end-users. This "
"allows users to customize their applications without having to alter the "
"application."
msgstr ""
":mod:`string` 模組包含一個多功能的 :class:`~string.Template` class，提供的簡"
"化語法適合使用者進行編輯時使用。它容許使用者客製化自己的應用程式，但不必對原"
"應用程式做出變更。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:78
msgid ""
"The format uses placeholder names formed by ``$`` with valid Python "
"identifiers (alphanumeric characters and underscores). Surrounding the "
"placeholder with braces allows it to be followed by more alphanumeric "
"letters with no intervening spaces. Writing ``$$`` creates a single escaped "
"``$``::"
msgstr ""
"格式化方式是使用佔位符號名稱 (placeholder name)，它是由 ``$`` 加上合法的 "
"Python 識別符（字母、數字和下底線）構成。使用大括號包覆佔位符號以允許在後面接"
"上更多的字母和數字而無需插入空格。使用 ``$$`` 將會跳脫為單一字元 ``$``： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:83
msgid ""
">>> from string import Template\n"
">>> t = Template('${village}folk send $$10 to $cause.')\n"
">>> t.substitute(village='Nottingham', cause='the ditch fund')\n"
"'Nottinghamfolk send $10 to the ditch fund.'"
msgstr ""
">>> from string import Template\n"
">>> t = Template('${village}folk send $$10 to $cause.')\n"
">>> t.substitute(village='Nottingham', cause='the ditch fund')\n"
"'Nottinghamfolk send $10 to the ditch fund.'"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:88
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~string.Template.substitute` method raises a :exc:`KeyError` when "
"a placeholder is not supplied in a dictionary or a keyword argument. For "
"mail-merge style applications, user supplied data may be incomplete and "
"the :meth:`~string.Template.safe_substitute` method may be more appropriate "
"--- it will leave placeholders unchanged if data is missing::"
msgstr ""
"如果在 dictionary 或關鍵字引數中未提供某個佔位符號的值，那"
"麼 :meth:`~string.Template.substitute` method 將引發 :exc:`KeyError`。對於郵"
"件合併 (mail-merge) 類型的應用程式，使用者提供的資料有可能是不完整的，此時使"
"用 :meth:`~string.Template.safe_substitute` method 會更適當——如果資料有缺少，"
"它會保持佔位符號不變： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:94
msgid ""
">>> t = Template('Return the $item to $owner.')\n"
">>> d = dict(item='unladen swallow')\n"
">>> t.substitute(d)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" ...\n"
"KeyError: 'owner'\n"
">>> t.safe_substitute(d)\n"
"'Return the unladen swallow to $owner.'"
msgstr ""
">>> t = Template('Return the $item to $owner.')\n"
">>> d = dict(item='unladen swallow')\n"
">>> t.substitute(d)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" ...\n"
"KeyError: 'owner'\n"
">>> t.safe_substitute(d)\n"
"'Return the unladen swallow to $owner.'"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:103
msgid ""
"Template subclasses can specify a custom delimiter. For example, a batch "
"renaming utility for a photo browser may elect to use percent signs for "
"placeholders such as the current date, image sequence number, or file "
"format::"
msgstr ""
"Template 的 subclass（子類別）可以指定自訂的分隔符號 (delimiter)。例如，一個"
"相片瀏覽器的批次重新命名功能，可以選擇用百分號作為現在日期、照片序號或檔案格"
"式的佔位符號： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:107
msgid ""
">>> import time, os.path\n"
">>> photofiles = ['img_1074.jpg', 'img_1076.jpg', 'img_1077.jpg']\n"
">>> class BatchRename(Template):\n"
"... delimiter = '%'\n"
"...\n"
">>> fmt = input('Enter rename style (%d-date %n-seqnum %f-format): ')\n"
"Enter rename style (%d-date %n-seqnum %f-format): Ashley_%n%f\n"
"\n"
">>> t = BatchRename(fmt)\n"
">>> date = time.strftime('%d%b%y')\n"
">>> for i, filename in enumerate(photofiles):\n"
"... base, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)\n"
"... newname = t.substitute(d=date, n=i, f=ext)\n"
"... print('{0} --> {1}'.format(filename, newname))\n"
"\n"
"img_1074.jpg --> Ashley_0.jpg\n"
"img_1076.jpg --> Ashley_1.jpg\n"
"img_1077.jpg --> Ashley_2.jpg"
msgstr ""
">>> import time, os.path\n"
">>> photofiles = ['img_1074.jpg', 'img_1076.jpg', 'img_1077.jpg']\n"
">>> class BatchRename(Template):\n"
"... delimiter = '%'\n"
"...\n"
">>> fmt = input('Enter rename style (%d-date %n-seqnum %f-format): ')\n"
"Enter rename style (%d-date %n-seqnum %f-format): Ashley_%n%f\n"
"\n"
">>> t = BatchRename(fmt)\n"
">>> date = time.strftime('%d%b%y')\n"
">>> for i, filename in enumerate(photofiles):\n"
"... base, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)\n"
"... newname = t.substitute(d=date, n=i, f=ext)\n"
"... print('{0} --> {1}'.format(filename, newname))\n"
"\n"
"img_1074.jpg --> Ashley_0.jpg\n"
"img_1076.jpg --> Ashley_1.jpg\n"
"img_1077.jpg --> Ashley_2.jpg"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:126
msgid ""
"Another application for templating is separating program logic from the "
"details of multiple output formats. This makes it possible to substitute "
"custom templates for XML files, plain text reports, and HTML web reports."
msgstr ""
"模板化的另一個應用，是將程式邏輯與多樣的輸出格式細節分離開來。這樣就可以為 "
"XML 檔案、純文字報表和 HTML 網路報表替換自訂的模板。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:134
msgid "Working with Binary Data Record Layouts"
msgstr "二進制資料記錄編排 (Binary Data Record Layouts)"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:136
msgid ""
"The :mod:`struct` module provides :func:`~struct.pack` "
"and :func:`~struct.unpack` functions for working with variable length binary "
"record formats. The following example shows how to loop through header "
"information in a ZIP file without using the :mod:`zipfile` module. Pack "
"codes ``\"H\"`` and ``\"I\"`` represent two and four byte unsigned numbers "
"respectively. The ``\"<\"`` indicates that they are standard size and in "
"little-endian byte order::"
msgstr ""
":mod:`struct` 模組提供了 :func:`~struct.pack` 和 :func:`~struct.unpack` 函"
"式，用於處理可變動長度的二進制記錄格式。以下範例說明，如何在不使"
"用 :mod:`zipfile` 模組的情況下，使用迴圈瀏覽一個 ZIP 檔案中的標頭資訊 "
"(header information)。壓縮程式碼 ``\"H\"`` 和 ``\"I\"`` 分別代表兩個和四個位"
"元組的無符號數 (unsigned number)。``\"<\"`` 表示它們是標準大小，並使用小端 "
"(little-endian) 位元組順序： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:144
msgid ""
"import struct\n"
"\n"
"with open('myfile.zip', 'rb') as f:\n"
" data = f.read()\n"
"\n"
"start = 0\n"
"for i in range(3): # show the first 3 file headers\n"
" start += 14\n"
" fields = struct.unpack('<IIIHH', data[start:start+16])\n"
" crc32, comp_size, uncomp_size, filenamesize, extra_size = fields\n"
"\n"
" start += 16\n"
" filename = data[start:start+filenamesize]\n"
" start += filenamesize\n"
" extra = data[start:start+extra_size]\n"
" print(filename, hex(crc32), comp_size, uncomp_size)\n"
"\n"
" start += extra_size + comp_size # skip to the next header"
msgstr ""
"import struct\n"
"\n"
"with open('myfile.zip', 'rb') as f:\n"
" data = f.read()\n"
"\n"
"start = 0\n"
"for i in range(3): # 顯示前 3 個檔案標頭\n"
" start += 14\n"
" fields = struct.unpack('<IIIHH', data[start:start+16])\n"
" crc32, comp_size, uncomp_size, filenamesize, extra_size = fields\n"
"\n"
" start += 16\n"
" filename = data[start:start+filenamesize]\n"
" start += filenamesize\n"
" extra = data[start:start+extra_size]\n"
" print(filename, hex(crc32), comp_size, uncomp_size)\n"
"\n"
" start += extra_size + comp_size # 跳到下一個標頭"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:167
msgid "Multi-threading"
msgstr "多執行緒 (Multi-threading)"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:169
msgid ""
"Threading is a technique for decoupling tasks which are not sequentially "
"dependent. Threads can be used to improve the responsiveness of "
"applications that accept user input while other tasks run in the "
"background. A related use case is running I/O in parallel with computations "
"in another thread."
msgstr ""
"執行緒是一種用來對非順序相依 (sequentially dependent) 的多個任務進行解耦 "
"(decoupling) 的技術。當其他任務在背景執行時，多執行緒可以用來提升應用程式在接"
"收使用者輸入時的反應能力。一個相關的用例是，運行 I/O 的同時，在另一個執行緒中"
"進行計算。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:174
msgid ""
"The following code shows how the high level :mod:`threading` module can run "
"tasks in background while the main program continues to run::"
msgstr ""
"以下程式碼顯示了高階的 :mod:`threading` 模組如何在背景運行任務，而主程式同時"
"繼續運行： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:177
msgid ""
"import threading, zipfile\n"
"\n"
"class AsyncZip(threading.Thread):\n"
" def __init__(self, infile, outfile):\n"
" threading.Thread.__init__(self)\n"
" self.infile = infile\n"
" self.outfile = outfile\n"
"\n"
" def run(self):\n"
" f = zipfile.ZipFile(self.outfile, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)\n"
" f.write(self.infile)\n"
" f.close()\n"
" print('Finished background zip of:', self.infile)\n"
"\n"
"background = AsyncZip('mydata.txt', 'myarchive.zip')\n"
"background.start()\n"
"print('The main program continues to run in foreground.')\n"
"\n"
"background.join() # Wait for the background task to finish\n"
"print('Main program waited until background was done.')"
msgstr ""
"import threading, zipfile\n"
"\n"
"class AsyncZip(threading.Thread):\n"
" def __init__(self, infile, outfile):\n"
" threading.Thread.__init__(self)\n"
" self.infile = infile\n"
" self.outfile = outfile\n"
"\n"
" def run(self):\n"
" f = zipfile.ZipFile(self.outfile, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)\n"
" f.write(self.infile)\n"
" f.close()\n"
" print('Finished background zip of:', self.infile)\n"
"\n"
"background = AsyncZip('mydata.txt', 'myarchive.zip')\n"
"background.start()\n"
"print('The main program continues to run in foreground.')\n"
"\n"
"background.join() # 等待背景任務結束\n"
"print('Main program waited until background was done.')"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:198
msgid ""
"The principal challenge of multi-threaded applications is coordinating "
"threads that share data or other resources. To that end, the threading "
"module provides a number of synchronization primitives including locks, "
"events, condition variables, and semaphores."
msgstr ""
"多執行緒應用程式的主要挑戰是，要協調多個彼此共享資料或資源的執行緒。為此，"
"threading 模組提供了多個同步處理原始物件 (synchronization primitive)，包括鎖 "
"(lock)、事件 (event)、條件變數 (condition variable) 和號誌 (semaphore)。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:203
msgid ""
"While those tools are powerful, minor design errors can result in problems "
"that are difficult to reproduce. So, the preferred approach to task "
"coordination is to concentrate all access to a resource in a single thread "
"and then use the :mod:`queue` module to feed that thread with requests from "
"other threads. Applications using :class:`~queue.Queue` objects for inter-"
"thread communication and coordination are easier to design, more readable, "
"and more reliable."
msgstr ""
"儘管這些工具很強大，但很小的設計錯誤也可能導致一些難以重現的問題。所以，任務"
"協調的首選方法是，把所有對資源的存取集中到單一的執行緒中，然後使"
"用 :mod:`queue` 模組向該執行緒饋送來自其他執行緒的請求。應用程式若使"
"用 :class:`~queue.Queue` 物件進行執行緒間的通信和協調，會更易於設計、更易讀、"
"更可靠。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:214
msgid "Logging"
msgstr "日誌記錄 (Logging)"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:216
msgid ""
"The :mod:`logging` module offers a full featured and flexible logging "
"system. At its simplest, log messages are sent to a file or to "
"``sys.stderr``::"
msgstr ""
":mod:`logging` 模組提供功能齊全且富彈性的日誌記錄系統。在最簡單的情況下，日誌"
"訊息會被發送到檔案或 ``sys.stderr``： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:219
msgid ""
"import logging\n"
"logging.debug('Debugging information')\n"
"logging.info('Informational message')\n"
"logging.warning('Warning:config file %s not found', 'server.conf')\n"
"logging.error('Error occurred')\n"
"logging.critical('Critical error -- shutting down')"
msgstr ""
"import logging\n"
"logging.debug('Debugging information')\n"
"logging.info('Informational message')\n"
"logging.warning('Warning:config file %s not found', 'server.conf')\n"
"logging.error('Error occurred')\n"
"logging.critical('Critical error -- shutting down')"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:226
msgid "This produces the following output:"
msgstr "這會產生以下輸出："
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:228
msgid ""
"WARNING:root:Warning:config file server.conf not found\n"
"ERROR:root:Error occurred\n"
"CRITICAL:root:Critical error -- shutting down"
msgstr ""
"WARNING:root:Warning:config file server.conf not found\n"
"ERROR:root:Error occurred\n"
"CRITICAL:root:Critical error -- shutting down"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:234
msgid ""
"By default, informational and debugging messages are suppressed and the "
"output is sent to standard error. Other output options include routing "
"messages through email, datagrams, sockets, or to an HTTP Server. New "
"filters can select different routing based on message "
"priority: :const:`~logging.DEBUG`, :const:`~logging.INFO`, :const:`~logging.WARNING`, :const:`~logging.ERROR`, "
"and :const:`~logging.CRITICAL`."
msgstr ""
"在預設情況，資訊和除錯訊息不會被顯示，其輸出會被發送到標準錯誤 (standard "
"error)。其他輸出選項包括，將訊息轉發到電子郵件、資料報 (datagram)、網路插座 "
"(socket) 或 HTTP 伺服器。新的過濾器可以根據訊息的優先順序，選擇不同的路由 "
"(routing) 方"
"式：:const:`~logging.DEBUG`、:const:`~logging.INFO`、:const:`~logging.WARNING`、:const:`~logging.ERROR` "
"及 :const:`~logging.CRITICAL`。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:241
msgid ""
"The logging system can be configured directly from Python or can be loaded "
"from a user editable configuration file for customized logging without "
"altering the application."
msgstr ""
"日誌記錄系統可以直接從 Python 配置，也可以透過載入使用者可編輯的配置檔案以進"
"行客製化的日誌記錄，而無須對應用程式做出變更。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:249
msgid "Weak References"
msgstr "弱引用 (Weak References)"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:251
msgid ""
"Python does automatic memory management (reference counting for most objects "
"and :term:`garbage collection` to eliminate cycles). The memory is freed "
"shortly after the last reference to it has been eliminated."
msgstr ""
"Python 會自動進行記憶體管理（對大多數物件進行參照計數 (reference counting) 並"
"使用 :term:`garbage collection` 來消除循環參照）。當一個參照從記憶體被移除後"
"不久，該記憶體就會被釋出。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:255
msgid ""
"This approach works fine for most applications but occasionally there is a "
"need to track objects only as long as they are being used by something else. "
"Unfortunately, just tracking them creates a reference that makes them "
"permanent. The :mod:`weakref` module provides tools for tracking objects "
"without creating a reference. When the object is no longer needed, it is "
"automatically removed from a weakref table and a callback is triggered for "
"weakref objects. Typical applications include caching objects that are "
"expensive to create::"
msgstr ""
"此方式對大多數應用程式來說都沒問題，但偶爾也需要在物件仍然被其他物件所使用時"
"持續追蹤它們。可惜的是，儘管只是追蹤它們，也會建立一個使它們永久化 "
"(permanent) 的參照。:mod:`weakref` 模組提供的工具可以不必建立參照就能追蹤物"
"件。當該物件不再被需要時，它會自動從一個弱引用表 (weakref table) 中被移除，並"
"為弱引用物件觸發一個回呼 (callback)。典型的應用包括暫存 (cache) 那些成本較為"
"昂貴的物件： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:263
msgid ""
">>> import weakref, gc\n"
">>> class A:\n"
"... def __init__(self, value):\n"
"... self.value = value\n"
"... def __repr__(self):\n"
"... return str(self.value)\n"
"...\n"
">>> a = A(10) # create a reference\n"
">>> d = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()\n"
">>> d['primary'] = a # does not create a reference\n"
">>> d['primary'] # fetch the object if it is still alive\n"
"10\n"
">>> del a # remove the one reference\n"
">>> gc.collect() # run garbage collection right away\n"
"0\n"
">>> d['primary'] # entry was automatically removed\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
" d['primary'] # entry was automatically removed\n"
" File \"C:/python314/lib/weakref.py\", line 46, in __getitem__\n"
" o = self.data[key]()\n"
"KeyError: 'primary'"
msgstr ""
">>> import weakref, gc\n"
">>> class A:\n"
"... def __init__(self, value):\n"
"... self.value = value\n"
"... def __repr__(self):\n"
"... return str(self.value)\n"
"...\n"
">>> a = A(10) # 建立一個參照\n"
">>> d = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()\n"
">>> d['primary'] = a # 不會建立參照\n"
">>> d['primary'] # 如果物件仍然存在則取得它\n"
"10\n"
">>> del a # 移除一個參照\n"
">>> gc.collect() # 立即執行垃圾回收\n"
"0\n"
">>> d['primary'] # 項目被自動移除\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
" d['primary'] # 項目被自動移除\n"
" File \"C:/python314/lib/weakref.py\", line 46, in __getitem__\n"
" o = self.data[key]()\n"
"KeyError: 'primary'"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:290
msgid "Tools for Working with Lists"
msgstr "使用於 List 的工具"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:292
msgid ""
"Many data structure needs can be met with the built-in list type. However, "
"sometimes there is a need for alternative implementations with different "
"performance trade-offs."
msgstr ""
"許多對於資料結構的需求，可以透過內建的 list（串列）型別來滿足。但是，有時也會"
"根據效能的各種取捨，需要一些替代的實作。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:296
msgid ""
"The :mod:`array` module provides an :class:`~array.array` object that is "
"like a list that stores only homogeneous data and stores it more compactly. "
"The following example shows an array of numbers stored as two byte unsigned "
"binary numbers (typecode ``\"H\"``) rather than the usual 16 bytes per entry "
"for regular lists of Python int objects::"
msgstr ""
":mod:`array` 模組提供了一個 :class:`~array.array` 物件，它像是 list，但只能儲"
"存同類的資料且能緊密地儲存。下面的範例展示一個數值陣列 (array)，以兩個位元組"
"的無符號二進數 (unsigned binary numbers) 為儲存單位（類型碼為 ``\"H\"``），而"
"在 Python 整數物件的正規 list 中，每個項目通常使用 16 個位元組： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:302
msgid ""
">>> from array import array\n"
">>> a = array('H', [4000, 10, 700, 22222])\n"
">>> sum(a)\n"
"26932\n"
">>> a[1:3]\n"
"array('H', [10, 700])"
msgstr ""
">>> from array import array\n"
">>> a = array('H', [4000, 10, 700, 22222])\n"
">>> sum(a)\n"
"26932\n"
">>> a[1:3]\n"
"array('H', [10, 700])"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:309
msgid ""
"The :mod:`collections` module provides a :class:`~collections.deque` object "
"that is like a list with faster appends and pops from the left side but "
"slower lookups in the middle. These objects are well suited for implementing "
"queues and breadth first tree searches::"
msgstr ""
":mod:`collections` 模組提供了一個 :class:`~collections.deque` 物件，它像是 "
"list，但從左側加入 (append) 和彈出 (pop) 的速度較快，而在中間查找的速度則較"
"慢。這種物件適用於實作佇列 (queue) 和廣度優先搜尋法 (breadth first tree "
"search)： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:314
msgid ""
">>> from collections import deque\n"
">>> d = deque([\"task1\", \"task2\", \"task3\"])\n"
">>> d.append(\"task4\")\n"
">>> print(\"Handling\", d.popleft())\n"
"Handling task1"
msgstr ""
">>> from collections import deque\n"
">>> d = deque([\"task1\", \"task2\", \"task3\"])\n"
">>> d.append(\"task4\")\n"
">>> print(\"Handling\", d.popleft())\n"
"Handling task1"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:322
msgid ""
"unsearched = deque([starting_node])\n"
"def breadth_first_search(unsearched):\n"
" node = unsearched.popleft()\n"
" for m in gen_moves(node):\n"
" if is_goal(m):\n"
" return m\n"
" unsearched.append(m)"
msgstr ""
"unsearched = deque([starting_node])\n"
"def breadth_first_search(unsearched):\n"
" node = unsearched.popleft()\n"
" for m in gen_moves(node):\n"
" if is_goal(m):\n"
" return m\n"
" unsearched.append(m)"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:330
msgid ""
"In addition to alternative list implementations, the library also offers "
"other tools such as the :mod:`bisect` module with functions for manipulating "
"sorted lists::"
msgstr ""
"除了替代的 list 實作以外，函式庫也提供了其他工具，例如 :mod:`bisect` 模組，具"
"有能夠操作 sorted list（已排序串列）的函式： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:334
msgid ""
">>> import bisect\n"
">>> scores = [(100, 'perl'), (200, 'tcl'), (400, 'lua'), (500, 'python')]\n"
">>> bisect.insort(scores, (300, 'ruby'))\n"
">>> scores\n"
"[(100, 'perl'), (200, 'tcl'), (300, 'ruby'), (400, 'lua'), (500, 'python')]"
msgstr ""
">>> import bisect\n"
">>> scores = [(100, 'perl'), (200, 'tcl'), (400, 'lua'), (500, 'python')]\n"
">>> bisect.insort(scores, (300, 'ruby'))\n"
">>> scores\n"
"[(100, 'perl'), (200, 'tcl'), (300, 'ruby'), (400, 'lua'), (500, 'python')]"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:340
msgid ""
"The :mod:`heapq` module provides functions for implementing heaps based on "
"regular lists. The lowest valued entry is always kept at position zero. "
"This is useful for applications which repeatedly access the smallest element "
"but do not want to run a full list sort::"
msgstr ""
":mod:`heapq` 模組提供了一些函式，能基於正規 list 來實作堆積 (heap)。最小值的"
"項目會永遠保持在位置零。對於一些需要多次存取最小元素，但不想要對整個 list 進"
"行排序的應用程式來說，這會很有用： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:345
msgid ""
">>> from heapq import heapify, heappop, heappush\n"
">>> data = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 0]\n"
">>> heapify(data) # rearrange the list into heap order\n"
">>> heappush(data, -5) # add a new entry\n"
">>> [heappop(data) for i in range(3)] # fetch the three smallest entries\n"
"[-5, 0, 1]"
msgstr ""
">>> from heapq import heapify, heappop, heappush\n"
">>> data = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 0]\n"
">>> heapify(data) # 將串列重新排列為堆積順序\n"
">>> heappush(data, -5) # 加入新項目\n"
">>> [heappop(data) for i in range(3)] # 取得三個最小的項目\n"
"[-5, 0, 1]"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:356
msgid "Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic"
msgstr "十進制浮點數運算 (Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic)"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:358
msgid ""
"The :mod:`decimal` module offers a :class:`~decimal.Decimal` datatype for "
"decimal floating-point arithmetic. Compared to the built-in :class:`float` "
"implementation of binary floating point, the class is especially helpful for"
msgstr ""
":mod:`decimal` 模組提供了一個 :class:`~decimal.Decimal` 資料類型，用於十進制"
"浮點數運算。相較於內建的二進制浮點數 :class:`float` 實作，該 class 特別適用於"
"下列情境"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:362
msgid ""
"financial applications and other uses which require exact decimal "
"representation,"
msgstr "金融應用程式及其他需要準確十進位制表示法的應用，"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:364
msgid "control over precision,"
msgstr "對於精確度 (precision) 的控制，"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:365
msgid "control over rounding to meet legal or regulatory requirements,"
msgstr "控制四捨五入，以滿足法律或監管規範，"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:366
msgid "tracking of significant decimal places, or"
msgstr "追蹤有效的小數位數 (decimal place)，或"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:367
msgid ""
"applications where the user expects the results to match calculations done "
"by hand."
msgstr "使用者會期望計算結果與手工計算相符的應用程式。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:370
msgid ""
"For example, calculating a 5% tax on a 70 cent phone charge gives different "
"results in decimal floating point and binary floating point. The difference "
"becomes significant if the results are rounded to the nearest cent::"
msgstr ""
"例如，要計算 70 美分的手機充電加上 5% 稅金的總價，使用十進制浮點數和二進制浮"
"點數，會算出不同的答案。如果把計算結果四捨五入到最接近的美分，兩者的差異會更"
"顯著： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:374
msgid ""
">>> from decimal import *\n"
">>> round(Decimal('0.70') * Decimal('1.05'), 2)\n"
"Decimal('0.74')\n"
">>> round(.70 * 1.05, 2)\n"
"0.73"
msgstr ""
">>> from decimal import *\n"
">>> round(Decimal('0.70') * Decimal('1.05'), 2)\n"
"Decimal('0.74')\n"
">>> round(.70 * 1.05, 2)\n"
"0.73"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:380
msgid ""
"The :class:`~decimal.Decimal` result keeps a trailing zero, automatically "
"inferring four place significance from multiplicands with two place "
"significance. Decimal reproduces mathematics as done by hand and avoids "
"issues that can arise when binary floating point cannot exactly represent "
"decimal quantities."
msgstr ""
":class:`~decimal.Decimal` 的運算結果會保留尾部的零，也會根據有兩個有效位數的"
"被乘數自動推斷出有四個有效位數的乘積。Decimal 可以重現手工計算的結果，以避免"
"產生二進制浮點數無法準確表示十進制數值時會導致的問題。"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:386
msgid ""
"Exact representation enables the :class:`~decimal.Decimal` class to perform "
"modulo calculations and equality tests that are unsuitable for binary "
"floating point::"
msgstr ""
"準確的表示法使得 :class:`~decimal.Decimal` class 能夠執行對於二進制浮點數不適"
"用的模數計算和相等性檢測： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:390
msgid ""
">>> Decimal('1.00') % Decimal('.10')\n"
"Decimal('0.00')\n"
">>> 1.00 % 0.10\n"
"0.09999999999999995\n"
"\n"
">>> sum([Decimal('0.1')]*10) == Decimal('1.0')\n"
"True\n"
">>> 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 == 1.0\n"
"False"
msgstr ""
">>> Decimal('1.00') % Decimal('.10')\n"
"Decimal('0.00')\n"
">>> 1.00 % 0.10\n"
"0.09999999999999995\n"
"\n"
">>> sum([Decimal('0.1')]*10) == Decimal('1.0')\n"
"True\n"
">>> 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 == 1.0\n"
"False"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:400
msgid ""
"The :mod:`decimal` module provides arithmetic with as much precision as "
"needed::"
msgstr ":mod:`decimal` 模組可提供運算中需要的足夠精確度： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/stdlib2.rst:402
msgid ""
">>> getcontext().prec = 36\n"
">>> Decimal(1) / Decimal(7)\n"
"Decimal('0.142857142857142857142857142857142857')"
msgstr ""
">>> getcontext().prec = 36\n"
">>> Decimal(1) / Decimal(7)\n"
"Decimal('0.142857142857142857142857142857142857')"