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<section id="appendix">
<span id="tut-appendix"></span><h1><span class="section-number">16. </span>附錄<a class="headerlink" href="#appendix" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h1>
<section id="interactive-mode">
<span id="tut-interac"></span><h2><span class="section-number">16.1. </span>互動模式<a class="headerlink" href="#interactive-mode" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h2>
<p>互動式 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-REPL"><span class="xref std std-term">REPL</span></a> 有兩種變體。經典的基本解釋器在所有平台上都支援,具有最低限度的行控制能力(line control capabilities)。</p>
<p>自 Python 3.13 起,預設會使用新的互動式 shell。這個 shell 支援顏色、多行編輯、歷史瀏覽和貼上模式。要停用顏色,請參閱 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#using-on-controlling-color"><span class="std std-ref">Controlling color</span></a> 以取得詳細資訊。功能鍵提供了一些額外的功能。<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">F1</kbd> 進入互動式幫助瀏覽器 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pydoc.html#module-pydoc" title="pydoc: Documentation generator and online help system."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code></a>。<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">F2</kbd> 允許瀏覽命令列歷史,且不會有輸出,也不會有 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-0"><span class="xref std std-term">>>></span></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-..."><span class="xref std std-term">...</span></a> 提示。<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">F3</kbd> 進入「貼上模式」,這使得貼上較大的程式碼區塊更容易。按 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">F3</kbd> 可以返回正常提示。</p>
<p>使用新的互動 shell 時, 請輸入 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">exit</kbd> 或 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">quit</kbd> 來離開 shell。不需要在這些指令後面加上呼叫括號。</p>
<p>如果不需要新的互動式 shell, 可以透過 <span class="target" id="index-14"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHON_BASIC_REPL"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHON_BASIC_REPL</span></code></a> 環境變數來停用它。</p>
<section id="error-handling">
<span id="tut-error"></span><h3><span class="section-number">16.1.1. </span>錯誤處理<a class="headerlink" href="#error-handling" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h3>
<p>當一個錯誤發生時,直譯器會印出一個錯誤訊息和堆疊回溯。在互動模式下,它將返回主提示字元;當輸入來自檔案時,它在印出堆疊回溯後以非零退出狀態 (nonzero exit status) 退出。(由 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#except"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span></code></a> 子句在 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code></a> 陳述式中處理的例外在這種情況下不是錯誤。) 有些錯誤是無條件嚴重的,會導致非零退出狀態;這適用於內部不一致和一些記憶體耗盡的情況。所有的錯誤訊息都被寫入標準錯誤輸出;被執行指令的正常輸出被寫入標準輸出。</p>
<p>向主提示字元或次提示字元輸入中斷字元(通常是 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C</kbd> 或 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Delete</kbd> )會取消輸入並回傳到主提示字元。<a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a> 在指令執行過程中輸入一個中斷,會引發 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt" title="KeyboardInterrupt"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></code></a> 例外,但可以透過 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code></a> 陳述式來處理。</p>
</section>
<section id="executable-python-scripts">
<span id="tut-scripts"></span><h3><span class="section-number">16.1.2. </span>可執行的 Python 腳本<a class="headerlink" href="#executable-python-scripts" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h3>
<p>在類 BSD 的 Unix 系統上,Python 腳本可以直接執行,就像 shell 腳本一樣,透過放置以下這行:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>(假設直譯器在用戶的 <span class="target" id="index-15"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code> 上)在腳本的開頭並給檔案一個可執行模式。<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#!</span></code> 必須是檔案的前兩個字元。在某些平台上,第一行必須以 Unix 樣式的換行 (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\n'</span></code>) 結尾,而不是 Windows (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\r\n'</span></code>) 換行。請注意,井號 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'#'</span></code> 用於在 Python 中開始註解。</p>
<p>可以使用 <strong class="program">chmod</strong> 指令為腳本賦予可執行模式或權限。</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>chmod<span class="w"> </span>+x<span class="w"> </span>myscript.py
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>在 Windows 系統上,沒有「可執行模式」的概念。Python 安裝程式會自動將 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> 檔案與 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python.exe</span></code> 聯繫起來,這樣雙擊 Python 檔案就會作為腳本運行。副檔名也可以是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyw</span></code>,在這種情況下,通常會出現的控制台視窗會被隱藏。</p>
</section>
<section id="the-interactive-startup-file">
<span id="tut-startup"></span><h3><span class="section-number">16.1.3. </span>互動式啟動檔案<a class="headerlink" href="#the-interactive-startup-file" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h3>
<p>當你互動式地使用 Python 時,每次啟動直譯器時執行一些標準指令是非常方便的。你可以透過設置一個名為 <span class="target" id="index-16"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSTARTUP"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code></a> 的環境變數來實現,該變數是一個包含啟動指令的檔案名。它的功能類似 Unix shell 的 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.profile</span></code> 。</p>
<p>這個檔案只在互動模式中被讀取,當 Python 從腳本中讀取指令時,此檔案不會被讀取,當 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/dev/tty</span></code> 作為指令的明確來源時也不會(否則表現得像互動模式)。它在執行互動式指令的同一命名空間中執行,因此它所定義或 import 的物件可以在互動模式中不加限定地使用。你也可以在這個檔案中改變 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></code> 等提示字元。</p>
<p>如果你想從目前目錄中讀取一個額外的啟動檔案,你可以在全域啟動檔案中使用類似 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">os.path.isfile('.pythonrc.py'):</span> <span class="pre">exec(open('.pythonrc.py').read()</span></code> 的程式碼設定這個行為。如果你想在一個腳本中使用啟動檔案,你必須在腳本中明確地這樣做:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'PYTHONSTARTUP'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">filename</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fobj</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">startup_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fobj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startup_file</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="the-customization-modules">
<span id="tut-customize"></span><h3><span class="section-number">16.1.4. </span>客製化模組<a class="headerlink" href="#the-customization-modules" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h3>
<p>Python 提供了兩個鉤子 (hook) 讓你可以將它客製化: <span class="target" id="index-17"></span>sitecustomize 和 <span class="target" id="index-18"></span>usercustomize 。要看它是如何運作的,你首先需要找到你的 site-packages 的位置。啟動 Python 並運行這段程式碼:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">site</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">site</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getusersitepackages</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'/home/user/.local/lib/python3.x/site-packages'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>現在,你可以在該目錄中建立一個名為 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">usercustomize.py</span></code> 的檔案,並將你想要的任何內容放入其中。它會影響 Python 的每次呼叫,除非它以 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-s"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-s</span></code></a> 選項啟動以禁用自動 import 。</p>
<p><span class="target" id="index-19"></span>sitecustomize 的運作方式相同,但通常是由電腦的管理員在全域 site-packages 目錄下建立,並在 <span class="target" id="index-20"></span>usercustomize 之前 import 。更多細節請參閱 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code></a> 模組的文件。</p>
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