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# Copyright (C) 2001-2024, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
#
# Translators:
# josix, 2018
# Steven Hsu <hsuhaochun@gmail.com>, 2021
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.13\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-09-27 00:14+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-12-26 23:12+0800\n"
"Last-Translator: Adrian Liaw <adrianliaw2000@gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese - TAIWAN (https://github.com/python/python-docs-zh-"
"tw)\n"
"Language: zh_TW\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 3.2.2\n"
"X-Poedit-Bookmarks: 0,26,52,77,102,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1\n"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:5
msgid "Classes"
msgstr "Class（類別）"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:7
msgid ""
"Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality together. "
"Creating a new class creates a new *type* of object, allowing new "
"*instances* of that type to be made. Each class instance can have "
"attributes attached to it for maintaining its state. Class instances can "
"also have methods (defined by its class) for modifying its state."
msgstr ""
"Class 提供了一種結合資料與功能的手段。建立一個 class 將會新增一個物件的\\ *型"
"別 (type)*，並且允許建立該型別的新\\ *實例 (instance)*。每一個 class 實例可以"
"擁有一些維持該實例狀態的屬性 (attribute)。Class 實例也可以有一些（由其 class "
"所定義的）method（方法），用於修改該實例的狀態。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:13
msgid ""
"Compared with other programming languages, Python's class mechanism adds "
"classes with a minimum of new syntax and semantics. It is a mixture of the "
"class mechanisms found in C++ and Modula-3. Python classes provide all the "
"standard features of Object Oriented Programming: the class inheritance "
"mechanism allows multiple base classes, a derived class can override any "
"methods of its base class or classes, and a method can call the method of a "
"base class with the same name. Objects can contain arbitrary amounts and "
"kinds of data. As is true for modules, classes partake of the dynamic "
"nature of Python: they are created at runtime, and can be modified further "
"after creation."
msgstr ""
"與其他程式語言相比，Python 的 class 機制為 class 增加了最少的新語法跟語意。他"
"混合了 C++ 和 Modula-3 的 class 機制。Python 的 class 提供了所有物件導向程式"
"設計 (Object Oriented Programming) 的標準特色：class 繼承機制允許多個 base "
"class（基底類別），一個 derived class（衍生類別）可以覆寫 (override) 其 base "
"class 的任何 method，且一個 method 可以用相同的名稱呼叫其 base class 的 "
"method。物件可以包含任意數量及任意種類的資料。如同模組一樣，class 也具有 "
"Python 的動態特性：他們在執行期 (runtime) 被建立，且可以在建立之後被修改。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:23
msgid ""
"In C++ terminology, normally class members (including the data members) are "
"*public* (except see below :ref:`tut-private`), and all member functions are "
"*virtual*. As in Modula-3, there are no shorthands for referencing the "
"object's members from its methods: the method function is declared with an "
"explicit first argument representing the object, which is provided "
"implicitly by the call. As in Smalltalk, classes themselves are objects. "
"This provides semantics for importing and renaming. Unlike C++ and "
"Modula-3, built-in types can be used as base classes for extension by the "
"user. Also, like in C++, most built-in operators with special syntax "
"(arithmetic operators, subscripting etc.) can be redefined for class "
"instances."
msgstr ""
"在 C++ 的術語中，class 成員（包含資料成員）通常都是\\ *公開*\\ 的（除了以下內"
"容：:ref:`tut-private`\\ ），而所有的成員函式都是\\ *虛擬*\\ 的。如同在 "
"Modula-3 中一樣，Python 並沒有提供簡寫可以從物件的 method 裡參照其成員："
"method 函式與一個外顯的 (explicit)、第一個代表物件的引數被宣告，而此引數是在"
"呼叫時隱性地 (implicitly) 被提供。如同在 Smalltak 中，class 都是物件，這為 "
"import 及重新命名提供了語意。不像 C++ 和 Modula-3，Pyhon 內建的型別可以被使用"
"者以 base class 用於其他擴充 (extension)。另外，如同在 C++ 中，大多數有著特別"
"語法的內建運算子（算術運算子、下標等）都可以為了 class 實例而被重新定義。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:34
msgid ""
"(Lacking universally accepted terminology to talk about classes, I will make "
"occasional use of Smalltalk and C++ terms. I would use Modula-3 terms, "
"since its object-oriented semantics are closer to those of Python than C++, "
"but I expect that few readers have heard of it.)"
msgstr ""
"（由於缺乏普遍能接受的術語來討論 class，我偶爾會使用 Smalltalk 和 C++ 的術"
"語。我會使用 Modula-3 的術語，因為它比 C++ 更接近 Python 的物件導向語意，但我"
"預期比較少的讀者會聽過它。）"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:43
msgid "A Word About Names and Objects"
msgstr "關於名稱與物件的一段話"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:45
msgid ""
"Objects have individuality, and multiple names (in multiple scopes) can be "
"bound to the same object. This is known as aliasing in other languages. "
"This is usually not appreciated on a first glance at Python, and can be "
"safely ignored when dealing with immutable basic types (numbers, strings, "
"tuples). However, aliasing has a possibly surprising effect on the "
"semantics of Python code involving mutable objects such as lists, "
"dictionaries, and most other types. This is usually used to the benefit of "
"the program, since aliases behave like pointers in some respects. For "
"example, passing an object is cheap since only a pointer is passed by the "
"implementation; and if a function modifies an object passed as an argument, "
"the caller will see the change --- this eliminates the need for two "
"different argument passing mechanisms as in Pascal."
msgstr ""
"物件有個體性 (individuality)，且多個名稱（在多個作用域 (scope) ）可以被連結到"
"相同的物件。這在其他語言中被稱為別名 (aliasing)。初次接觸 Python 時通常不會注"
"意這件事，而在處理不可變的基本型別（數值、字串、tuple）時，它也可以安全地被忽"
"略。然而，別名在含有可變物件（如 list（串列）、dictionary（字典）、和大多數其"
"他的型別）的 Python 程式碼語意中，可能會有意外的效果。這通常有利於程式，因為"
"別名在某些方面表現得像指標 (pointer)。舉例來說，在實作時傳遞一個物件是便宜"
"的，因為只有指標被傳遞；假如函式修改了一個作為引數傳遞的物件，呼叫函式者 "
"(caller) 能夠見到這些改變——這消除了在 Pascal 中兩個相異引數傳遞機制的需求。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:61
msgid "Python Scopes and Namespaces"
msgstr "Python 作用域 (Scope) 及命名空間 (Namespace)"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:63
msgid ""
"Before introducing classes, I first have to tell you something about "
"Python's scope rules. Class definitions play some neat tricks with "
"namespaces, and you need to know how scopes and namespaces work to fully "
"understand what's going on. Incidentally, knowledge about this subject is "
"useful for any advanced Python programmer."
msgstr ""
"在介紹 class 之前，我必須先告訴你一些關於 Python 作用域的規則。Class "
"definition（類別定義）以命名空間展現了一些俐落的技巧，而你需要了解作用域和命"
"名空間的運作才能完整理解正在發生的事情。順帶一提，關於這個主題的知識對任何進"
"階的 Python 程式設計師都是很有用的。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:69
msgid "Let's begin with some definitions."
msgstr "讓我們從一些定義開始。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:71
msgid ""
"A *namespace* is a mapping from names to objects. Most namespaces are "
"currently implemented as Python dictionaries, but that's normally not "
"noticeable in any way (except for performance), and it may change in the "
"future. Examples of namespaces are: the set of built-in names (containing "
"functions such as :func:`abs`, and built-in exception names); the global "
"names in a module; and the local names in a function invocation. In a sense "
"the set of attributes of an object also form a namespace. The important "
"thing to know about namespaces is that there is absolutely no relation "
"between names in different namespaces; for instance, two different modules "
"may both define a function ``maximize`` without confusion --- users of the "
"modules must prefix it with the module name."
msgstr ""
"*命名空間*\\ 是從名稱到物件的對映。大部分的命名空間現在都是以 Python 的 "
"dictionary 被實作，但通常不會以任何方式被察覺（除了性能），且它可能會在未來改"
"變。命名空間的例子有：內建名稱的集合（包含如 :func:`abs` 的函式，和內建的例外"
"名稱）；模組中的全域 (global) 名稱；和在函式呼叫中的區域 (local) 名稱。某種意"
"義上，物件中的屬性集合也會形成一個命名空間。關於命名空間的重要一點是，不同命"
"名空間中的名稱之間絕對沒有關係；舉例來說，兩個不一樣的模組都可以定義一個 "
"``maximize`` 函式而不會混淆——模組的使用者必須為它加上前綴 (prefix) 模組名稱。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:82
msgid ""
"By the way, I use the word *attribute* for any name following a dot --- for "
"example, in the expression ``z.real``, ``real`` is an attribute of the "
"object ``z``. Strictly speaking, references to names in modules are "
"attribute references: in the expression ``modname.funcname``, ``modname`` is "
"a module object and ``funcname`` is an attribute of it. In this case there "
"happens to be a straightforward mapping between the module's attributes and "
"the global names defined in the module: they share the same namespace! [#]_"
msgstr ""
"順帶一提，我使用\\ *屬性 (attribute)* 這個字，統稱句號 (dot) 後面的任何名稱——"
"例如，運算式中的 ``z.real``，``real`` 是物件 ``z`` 的一個屬性。嚴格來說，模組"
"中名稱的參照都是屬性參照：在運算式 ``modname.funcname`` 中，``modname`` 是模"
"組物件而 ``funcname`` 是它的屬性。在這種情況下，模組的屬性和模組中定義的全域"
"名稱碰巧有一個直接的對映：他們共享了相同的命名空間！[#]_"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:90
msgid ""
"Attributes may be read-only or writable. In the latter case, assignment to "
"attributes is possible. Module attributes are writable: you can write "
"``modname.the_answer = 42``. Writable attributes may also be deleted with "
"the :keyword:`del` statement. For example, ``del modname.the_answer`` will "
"remove the attribute :attr:`!the_answer` from the object named by "
"``modname``."
msgstr ""
"屬性可以是唯讀的或可寫的。在後者的情況下，對屬性的賦值是可能的。模組屬性是可"
"寫的：你可以寫 ``modname.the_answer = 42``。可寫屬性也可以用 :keyword:`del` "
"陳述式刪除。例如，``del modname.the_answer`` 將從名為 ``modname`` 的物件中刪"
"除屬性 :attr:`!the_answer`。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:96
msgid ""
"Namespaces are created at different moments and have different lifetimes. "
"The namespace containing the built-in names is created when the Python "
"interpreter starts up, and is never deleted. The global namespace for a "
"module is created when the module definition is read in; normally, module "
"namespaces also last until the interpreter quits. The statements executed "
"by the top-level invocation of the interpreter, either read from a script "
"file or interactively, are considered part of a module called :mod:"
"`__main__`, so they have their own global namespace. (The built-in names "
"actually also live in a module; this is called :mod:`builtins`.)"
msgstr ""
"命名空間在不同的時刻被建立，並且有不同的壽命。當 Python 直譯器啟動時，含有內"
"建名稱的命名空間會被建立，並且永遠不會被刪除。當模組定義被讀入時，模組的全域"
"命名空間會被建立；一般情況下，模組的命名空間也會持續到直譯器結束。被直譯器的"
"頂層呼叫 (top-level invocation) 執行的陳述式，不論是從腳本檔案讀取的或是互動"
"模式中的，會被視為一個稱為 :mod:`__main__` 的模組的一部分，因此它們具有自己的"
"全域命名空間。（內建名稱實際上也存在一個模組中，它被稱為 :mod:`builtins`。）"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:106
msgid ""
"The local namespace for a function is created when the function is called, "
"and deleted when the function returns or raises an exception that is not "
"handled within the function. (Actually, forgetting would be a better way to "
"describe what actually happens.) Of course, recursive invocations each have "
"their own local namespace."
msgstr ""
"函式的區域命名空間是在呼叫函式時建立的，而當函式返回，或引發了未在函式中處理"
"的例外時，此命名空間將會被刪除。（實際上，忘記是描述實際發生的事情的更好方"
"法。） 當然，每個遞迴呼叫 (recursive invocation) 都有自己的區域命名空間。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:112
msgid ""
"A *scope* is a textual region of a Python program where a namespace is "
"directly accessible. \"Directly accessible\" here means that an unqualified "
"reference to a name attempts to find the name in the namespace."
msgstr ""
"*作用域*\\ 是 Python 程式中的一個文本區域 (textual region)，在此區域，命名空"
"間是可直接存取的。這裡的「可直接存取的」意思是，對一個名稱的非限定參照 "
"(unqualified reference) 可以在命名空間內嘗試尋找該名稱。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:116
msgid ""
"Although scopes are determined statically, they are used dynamically. At any "
"time during execution, there are 3 or 4 nested scopes whose namespaces are "
"directly accessible:"
msgstr ""
"儘管作用域是靜態地被決定，但它們是動態地被使用的。在執行期間內的任何時間點，"
"都會有 3 或 4 個巢狀的作用域，其命名空間是可以被直接存取的："
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:120
msgid "the innermost scope, which is searched first, contains the local names"
msgstr "最內層作用域，會最先被搜尋，而它包含了區域名稱"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:121
msgid ""
"the scopes of any enclosing functions, which are searched starting with the "
"nearest enclosing scope, contain non-local, but also non-global names"
msgstr ""
"任何外圍函式 (enclosing function) 的作用域，會從最近的外圍作用域開始搜尋，它"
"包含了非區域 (non-local) 和非全域 (non-global) 的名稱"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:123
msgid "the next-to-last scope contains the current module's global names"
msgstr "倒數第二個作用域，包含目前模組的全域名稱"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:124
msgid ""
"the outermost scope (searched last) is the namespace containing built-in "
"names"
msgstr "最外面的作用域（最後搜尋），是包含內建名稱的命名空間"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:126
msgid ""
"If a name is declared global, then all references and assignments go "
"directly to the next-to-last scope containing the module's global names. To "
"rebind variables found outside of the innermost scope, the :keyword:"
"`nonlocal` statement can be used; if not declared nonlocal, those variables "
"are read-only (an attempt to write to such a variable will simply create a "
"*new* local variable in the innermost scope, leaving the identically named "
"outer variable unchanged)."
msgstr ""
"如果一個名稱被宣告為全域，則所有的參照和賦值將直接轉到包含模組全域名稱的倒數"
"第二個作用域。要重新連結最內層作用域以外找到的變數，可以使用 :keyword:"
"`nonlocal` 陳述式；如果那些變數沒有被宣告為 nonlocal，則它們會是唯讀的（嘗試"
"寫入這樣的變數只會在最內層的作用域內建立一個\\ *新的*\\ 區域變數，同名的外部"
"變數則維持不變）。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:133
msgid ""
"Usually, the local scope references the local names of the (textually) "
"current function. Outside functions, the local scope references the same "
"namespace as the global scope: the module's namespace. Class definitions "
"place yet another namespace in the local scope."
msgstr ""
"通常，區域作用域會參照（文本的）目前函式的區域名稱。在函式外部，區域作用域與"
"全域作用域參照相同的命名空間：模組的命名空間。然而，Class definition 會在區域"
"作用域中放置另一個命名空間。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:138
msgid ""
"It is important to realize that scopes are determined textually: the global "
"scope of a function defined in a module is that module's namespace, no "
"matter from where or by what alias the function is called. On the other "
"hand, the actual search for names is done dynamically, at run time --- "
"however, the language definition is evolving towards static name resolution, "
"at \"compile\" time, so don't rely on dynamic name resolution! (In fact, "
"local variables are already determined statically.)"
msgstr ""
"務必要了解，作用域是按文本被決定的：在模組中定義的函式，其全域作用域便是該模"
"組的命名空間，無論函式是從何處或以什麼別名被呼叫。另一方面，對名稱的實際搜尋"
"是在執行時期 (run time) 動態完成的——但是，語言定義的發展，正朝向在「編譯」時"
"期 (compile time) 的靜態名稱解析 (static name resolution)，所以不要太依賴動態"
"名稱解析 (dynamic name resolution)！ （事實上，局部變數已經是靜態地被決定。）"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:146
msgid ""
"A special quirk of Python is that -- if no :keyword:`global` or :keyword:"
"`nonlocal` statement is in effect -- assignments to names always go into the "
"innermost scope. Assignments do not copy data --- they just bind names to "
"objects. The same is true for deletions: the statement ``del x`` removes "
"the binding of ``x`` from the namespace referenced by the local scope. In "
"fact, all operations that introduce new names use the local scope: in "
"particular, :keyword:`import` statements and function definitions bind the "
"module or function name in the local scope."
msgstr ""
"一個 Python 的特殊癖好是——假如沒有 :keyword:`global` 或 :keyword:`nonlocal` "
"陳述式的效果——名稱的賦值 (assignment) 都會指向最內層作用域。賦值不會複製資料"
"——它們只會把名稱連結至物件。刪除也是一樣：陳述式 ``del x`` 會從區域作用域參照"
"的命名空間移除 ``x`` 的連結。事實上，引入新名稱的所有運算都使用區域作用域：特"
"別是 :keyword:`import` 陳述式和函式定義，會連結區域作用域內的模組或函式名稱。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:154
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`global` statement can be used to indicate that particular "
"variables live in the global scope and should be rebound there; the :keyword:"
"`nonlocal` statement indicates that particular variables live in an "
"enclosing scope and should be rebound there."
msgstr ""
":keyword:`global` 陳述式可以用來表示特定變數存活在全域作用域，應該被重新綁定"
"到那裡；:keyword:`nonlocal` 陳述式表示特定變數存活在外圍作用域內，應該被重新"
"綁定到那裡。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:162
msgid "Scopes and Namespaces Example"
msgstr "作用域和命名空間的範例"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:164
msgid ""
"This is an example demonstrating how to reference the different scopes and "
"namespaces, and how :keyword:`global` and :keyword:`nonlocal` affect "
"variable binding::"
msgstr ""
"這是一個範例，演示如何參照不同的作用域和命名空間，以及 :keyword:`global` 和 :"
"keyword:`nonlocal` 如何影響變數的綁定： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:168
msgid ""
"def scope_test():\n"
" def do_local():\n"
" spam = \"local spam\"\n"
"\n"
" def do_nonlocal():\n"
" nonlocal spam\n"
" spam = \"nonlocal spam\"\n"
"\n"
" def do_global():\n"
" global spam\n"
" spam = \"global spam\"\n"
"\n"
" spam = \"test spam\"\n"
" do_local()\n"
" print(\"After local assignment:\", spam)\n"
" do_nonlocal()\n"
" print(\"After nonlocal assignment:\", spam)\n"
" do_global()\n"
" print(\"After global assignment:\", spam)\n"
"\n"
"scope_test()\n"
"print(\"In global scope:\", spam)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:191
msgid "The output of the example code is:"
msgstr "範例程式碼的輸出是："
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:193
msgid ""
"After local assignment: test spam\n"
"After nonlocal assignment: nonlocal spam\n"
"After global assignment: nonlocal spam\n"
"In global scope: global spam"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:200
msgid ""
"Note how the *local* assignment (which is default) didn't change "
"*scope_test*\\'s binding of *spam*. The :keyword:`nonlocal` assignment "
"changed *scope_test*\\'s binding of *spam*, and the :keyword:`global` "
"assignment changed the module-level binding."
msgstr ""
"請注意，*區域*\\ 賦值（預設情況）不會改變 *scope_test* 對 *spam* 的連結。:"
"keyword:`nonlocal` 賦值改變了 *scope_test* 對 *spam* 的連結，而 :keyword:"
"`global` 賦值改變了模組層次的連結。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:205
msgid ""
"You can also see that there was no previous binding for *spam* before the :"
"keyword:`global` assignment."
msgstr "你還可以發現，在 :keyword:`global` 賦值之前，沒有對 *spam* 的連結。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:212
msgid "A First Look at Classes"
msgstr "初見 class"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:214
msgid ""
"Classes introduce a little bit of new syntax, three new object types, and "
"some new semantics."
msgstr "Class 採用一些新的語法，三個新的物件型別，以及一些新的語意。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:221
msgid "Class Definition Syntax"
msgstr "Class definition（類別定義）語法"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:223
msgid "The simplest form of class definition looks like this::"
msgstr "Class definition 最簡單的形式如下： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:225
msgid ""
"class ClassName:\n"
" <statement-1>\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" <statement-N>"
msgstr ""
"class ClassName:\n"
" <statement-1>\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" .\n"
" <statement-N>"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:232
msgid ""
"Class definitions, like function definitions (:keyword:`def` statements) "
"must be executed before they have any effect. (You could conceivably place "
"a class definition in a branch of an :keyword:`if` statement, or inside a "
"function.)"
msgstr ""
"Class definition，如同函式定義（\\ :keyword:`def` 陳述式），必須在它們有任何"
"效果前先執行。（你可以想像把 class definition 放在一個 :keyword:`if` 陳述式的"
"分支，或在函式裡。）"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:236
msgid ""
"In practice, the statements inside a class definition will usually be "
"function definitions, but other statements are allowed, and sometimes useful "
"--- we'll come back to this later. The function definitions inside a class "
"normally have a peculiar form of argument list, dictated by the calling "
"conventions for methods --- again, this is explained later."
msgstr ""
"在實作時，class definition 內的陳述式通常會是函式定義，但其他陳述式也是允許"
"的，有時很有用——我們稍後會回到這裡。Class 中的函式定義通常會有一個獨特的引數"
"列表形式，取決於 method 的呼叫慣例——再一次地，這將會在稍後解釋。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:242
msgid ""
"When a class definition is entered, a new namespace is created, and used as "
"the local scope --- thus, all assignments to local variables go into this "
"new namespace. In particular, function definitions bind the name of the new "
"function here."
msgstr ""
"當進入 class definition，一個新的命名空間將會被建立，並且作為區域作用域——因"
"此，所有區域變數的賦值將進入這個新的命名空間。特別是，函式定義會在這裡連結新"
"函式的名稱。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:247
msgid ""
"When a class definition is left normally (via the end), a *class object* is "
"created. This is basically a wrapper around the contents of the namespace "
"created by the class definition; we'll learn more about class objects in the "
"next section. The original local scope (the one in effect just before the "
"class definition was entered) is reinstated, and the class object is bound "
"here to the class name given in the class definition header (:class:`!"
"ClassName` in the example)."
msgstr ""
"正常地（從結尾處）離開 class definition 時，一個 *class 物件*\\ 會被建立。基"
"本上這是一個包裝器 (wrapper)，裝著 class definition 建立的命名空間內容；我們"
"將在下一節中更加了解 class 物件。原始的區域作用域（在進入 class definition 之"
"前已生效的作用域）會恢復，在此 class 物件會被連結到 class definition 標頭中給"
"出的 class 名稱（在範例中為 :class:`!ClassName`\\ ）。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:259
msgid "Class Objects"
msgstr "Class 物件"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:261
msgid ""
"Class objects support two kinds of operations: attribute references and "
"instantiation."
msgstr ""
"Class 物件支援兩種運算：屬性參照 (attribute reference) 和實例化 "
"(instantiation)。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:264
msgid ""
"*Attribute references* use the standard syntax used for all attribute "
"references in Python: ``obj.name``. Valid attribute names are all the names "
"that were in the class's namespace when the class object was created. So, "
"if the class definition looked like this::"
msgstr ""
"*屬性參照*\\ 使用 Python 中所有屬性參照的標準語法：``obj.name``。有效的屬性名"
"稱是 class 物件被建立時，class 的命名空間中所有的名稱。所以，如果 class "
"definition 看起來像這樣： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:269
msgid ""
"class MyClass:\n"
" \"\"\"A simple example class\"\"\"\n"
" i = 12345\n"
"\n"
" def f(self):\n"
" return 'hello world'"
msgstr ""
"class MyClass:\n"
" \"\"\"一個簡單的類別範例\"\"\"\n"
" i = 12345\n"
"\n"
" def f(self):\n"
" return 'hello world'"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:276
msgid ""
"then ``MyClass.i`` and ``MyClass.f`` are valid attribute references, "
"returning an integer and a function object, respectively. Class attributes "
"can also be assigned to, so you can change the value of ``MyClass.i`` by "
"assignment. :attr:`~type.__doc__` is also a valid attribute, returning the "
"docstring belonging to the class: ``\"A simple example class\"``."
msgstr ""
"那麼 ``MyClass.i`` 和 ``MyClass.f`` 都是有效的屬性參照，會分別回傳一個整數和"
"一個函式物件。Class 屬性也可以被指派 (assign)，所以你可以透過賦值改變 "
"``MyClass.i`` 的值。:attr:`~type.__doc__` 也是一個有效的屬性，會回傳屬於該 "
"class 的說明字串 (docstring)：``\"A simple example class\"``。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:282
msgid ""
"Class *instantiation* uses function notation. Just pretend that the class "
"object is a parameterless function that returns a new instance of the class. "
"For example (assuming the above class)::"
msgstr ""
"Class *實例化*\\ 使用了函式記法 (function notation)。就好像 class 物件是一個"
"沒有參數的函式，它回傳一個新的 class 實例。例如（假設是上述的 class）： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:286 ../../tutorial/classes.rst:303
msgid "x = MyClass()"
msgstr "x = MyClass()"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:288
msgid ""
"creates a new *instance* of the class and assigns this object to the local "
"variable ``x``."
msgstr "建立 class 的一個新\\ *實例*，並將此物件指派給區域變數 ``x``。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:291
msgid ""
"The instantiation operation (\"calling\" a class object) creates an empty "
"object. Many classes like to create objects with instances customized to a "
"specific initial state. Therefore a class may define a special method named :"
"meth:`~object.__init__`, like this::"
msgstr ""
"實例化運算（「呼叫」一個 class 物件）會建立一個空的物件。許多 class 喜歡在建"
"立物件時有著自訂的特定實例初始狀態。因此，class 可以定義一個名為 :meth:"
"`~object.__init__` 的特別 method，像這樣： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:296
msgid ""
"def __init__(self):\n"
" self.data = []"
msgstr ""
"def __init__(self):\n"
" self.data = []"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:299
msgid ""
"When a class defines an :meth:`~object.__init__` method, class instantiation "
"automatically invokes :meth:`!__init__` for the newly created class "
"instance. So in this example, a new, initialized instance can be obtained "
"by::"
msgstr ""
"當 class 定義了 :meth:`~object.__init__` method，class 實例化會為新建的 "
"class 實例自動叫用 :meth:`!__init__`。所以在這個範例中，一個新的、初始化的實"
"例可以如此獲得： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:305
msgid ""
"Of course, the :meth:`~object.__init__` method may have arguments for "
"greater flexibility. In that case, arguments given to the class "
"instantiation operator are passed on to :meth:`!__init__`. For example, ::"
msgstr ""
"當然，:meth:`~object.__init__` method 可能為了更多的彈性而有引數。在這種情況"
"下，要給 class 實例化運算子的引數會被傳遞給 :meth:`!__init__`。例如： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:309
msgid ""
">>> class Complex:\n"
"... def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart):\n"
"... self.r = realpart\n"
"... self.i = imagpart\n"
"...\n"
">>> x = Complex(3.0, -4.5)\n"
">>> x.r, x.i\n"
"(3.0, -4.5)"
msgstr ""
">>> class Complex:\n"
"... def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart):\n"
"... self.r = realpart\n"
"... self.i = imagpart\n"
"...\n"
">>> x = Complex(3.0, -4.5)\n"
">>> x.r, x.i\n"
"(3.0, -4.5)"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:322
msgid "Instance Objects"
msgstr "實例物件"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:324
msgid ""
"Now what can we do with instance objects? The only operations understood by "
"instance objects are attribute references. There are two kinds of valid "
"attribute names: data attributes and methods."
msgstr ""
"現在，我們可以如何處理實例物件？實例物件能理解的唯一運算就是屬性參照。有兩種"
"有效的屬性名稱：資料屬性 (data attribute) 和 method。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:328
msgid ""
"*data attributes* correspond to \"instance variables\" in Smalltalk, and to "
"\"data members\" in C++. Data attributes need not be declared; like local "
"variables, they spring into existence when they are first assigned to. For "
"example, if ``x`` is the instance of :class:`!MyClass` created above, the "
"following piece of code will print the value ``16``, without leaving a "
"trace::"
msgstr ""
"*資料屬性*\\ 對應 Smalltalk 中的「實例變數」，以及 C++ 中的「資料成員」。資料"
"屬性不需要被宣告；和區域變數一樣，它們在第一次被賦值時就會立即存在。例如，如"
"果 ``x`` 是 :class:`!MyClass` 在上述例子中建立的實例，下面的程式碼將印出值 "
"``16``，而不留下蹤跡： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:334
msgid ""
"x.counter = 1\n"
"while x.counter < 10:\n"
" x.counter = x.counter * 2\n"
"print(x.counter)\n"
"del x.counter"
msgstr ""
"x.counter = 1\n"
"while x.counter < 10:\n"
" x.counter = x.counter * 2\n"
"print(x.counter)\n"
"del x.counter"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:340
msgid ""
"The other kind of instance attribute reference is a *method*. A method is a "
"function that \"belongs to\" an object."
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:345
msgid ""
"Valid method names of an instance object depend on its class. By "
"definition, all attributes of a class that are function objects define "
"corresponding methods of its instances. So in our example, ``x.f`` is a "
"valid method reference, since ``MyClass.f`` is a function, but ``x.i`` is "
"not, since ``MyClass.i`` is not. But ``x.f`` is not the same thing as "
"``MyClass.f`` --- it is a *method object*, not a function object."
msgstr ""
"實例物件的有效 method 名稱取決於其 class。根據定義，一個 class 中所有的函式物"
"件屬性，就定義了實例的對應 method。所以在我們的例子中，``x.f`` 是一個有效的 "
"method 參照，因為 ``MyClass.f`` 是一個函式，但 ``x.i`` 不是，因為 ``MyClass."
"i`` 不是。但 ``x.f`` 與 ``MyClass.f`` 是不一樣的——它是一個 *method 物件*，而"
"不是函式物件。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:356
msgid "Method Objects"
msgstr "Method 物件"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:358
msgid "Usually, a method is called right after it is bound::"
msgstr "通常，一個 method 在它被連結後隨即被呼叫： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:360
msgid "x.f()"
msgstr "x.f()"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:362
msgid ""
"In the :class:`!MyClass` example, this will return the string ``'hello "
"world'``. However, it is not necessary to call a method right away: ``x.f`` "
"is a method object, and can be stored away and called at a later time. For "
"example::"
msgstr ""
"在 :class:`!MyClass` 的例子中，這將回傳字串 ``'hello world'``。然而，並沒有必"
"要立即呼叫一個 method：``x.f`` 是一個 method 物件，並且可以被儲藏起來，之後再"
"被呼叫。舉例來說： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:366
msgid ""
"xf = x.f\n"
"while True:\n"
" print(xf())"
msgstr ""
"xf = x.f\n"
"while True:\n"
" print(xf())"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:370
msgid "will continue to print ``hello world`` until the end of time."
msgstr "將會持續印出 ``hello world`` 直到天荒地老。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:372
msgid ""
"What exactly happens when a method is called? You may have noticed that ``x."
"f()`` was called without an argument above, even though the function "
"definition for :meth:`!f` specified an argument. What happened to the "
"argument? Surely Python raises an exception when a function that requires an "
"argument is called without any --- even if the argument isn't actually "
"used..."
msgstr ""
"當一個 method 被呼叫時究竟會發生什麼事？你可能已經注意到 ``x.f()`` 被呼叫時沒"
"有任何的引數，儘管 :meth:`!f` 的函式定義有指定一個引數。這個引數發生了什麼"
"事？當一個需要引數的函式被呼叫而沒有給任何引數時，Python 肯定會引發例外——即使"
"該引數實際上沒有被使用..."
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:378
msgid ""
"Actually, you may have guessed the answer: the special thing about methods "
"is that the instance object is passed as the first argument of the "
"function. In our example, the call ``x.f()`` is exactly equivalent to "
"``MyClass.f(x)``. In general, calling a method with a list of *n* arguments "
"is equivalent to calling the corresponding function with an argument list "
"that is created by inserting the method's instance object before the first "
"argument."
msgstr ""
"事實上，你可能已經猜到了答案：method 的特殊之處在於，實例物件會作為函式中的第"
"一個引數被傳遞。在我們的例子中，``x.f()`` 這個呼叫等同於 ``MyClass.f(x)``。一"
"般來說，呼叫一個有 *n* 個引數的 method，等同於呼叫一個對應函式，其引數列表 "
"(argument list) 被建立時，會在第一個引數前插入該 method 的實例物件。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:385
msgid ""
"In general, methods work as follows. When a non-data attribute of an "
"instance is referenced, the instance's class is searched. If the name "
"denotes a valid class attribute that is a function object, references to "
"both the instance object and the function object are packed into a method "
"object. When the method object is called with an argument list, a new "
"argument list is constructed from the instance object and the argument list, "
"and the function object is called with this new argument list."
msgstr ""
"一般來說，方法的工作原理如下。當一個實例的非資料屬性被參照時，將會搜尋該實例"
"的 class。如果該名稱是一個有效的 class 屬性，而且是一個函式物件，則對實例物件"
"和函式物件的參照都會被打包到方法物件中。當使用引數串列呼叫方法物件時，會根據"
"實例物件和引數串列來建構一個新的引數串列，並使用該新引數串列來呼叫函式物件。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:398
msgid "Class and Instance Variables"
msgstr "Class 及實例變數"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:400
msgid ""
"Generally speaking, instance variables are for data unique to each instance "
"and class variables are for attributes and methods shared by all instances "
"of the class::"
msgstr ""
"一般來說，實例變數用於每一個實例的獨特資料，而 class 變數用於該 class 的所有"
"實例共享的屬性和 method： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:404
msgid ""
"class Dog:\n"
"\n"
" kind = 'canine' # class variable shared by all instances\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, name):\n"
" self.name = name # instance variable unique to each instance\n"
"\n"
">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n"
">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n"
">>> d.kind # shared by all dogs\n"
"'canine'\n"
">>> e.kind # shared by all dogs\n"
"'canine'\n"
">>> d.name # unique to d\n"
"'Fido'\n"
">>> e.name # unique to e\n"
"'Buddy'"
msgstr ""
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:422
msgid ""
"As discussed in :ref:`tut-object`, shared data can have possibly surprising "
"effects with involving :term:`mutable` objects such as lists and "
"dictionaries. For example, the *tricks* list in the following code should "
"not be used as a class variable because just a single list would be shared "
"by all *Dog* instances::"
msgstr ""
"如同在\\ :ref:`tut-object`\\ 的討論，共享的資料若涉及 :term:`mutable` 物件，"
"如 list 和 dictionary，可能會產生意外的影響。舉例來說，下列程式碼的 *tricks* "
"list 不應該作為一個 class 變數使用，因為這個 list 將會被所有的 *Dog* 實例所共"
"享： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:428
msgid ""
"class Dog:\n"
"\n"
" tricks = [] # mistaken use of a class variable\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, name):\n"
" self.name = name\n"
"\n"
" def add_trick(self, trick):\n"
" self.tricks.append(trick)\n"
"\n"
">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n"
">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n"
">>> d.add_trick('roll over')\n"
">>> e.add_trick('play dead')\n"
">>> d.tricks # unexpectedly shared by all dogs\n"
"['roll over', 'play dead']"
msgstr ""
"class Dog:\n"
"\n"
" tricks = [] # 誤用類別變數\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, name):\n"
" self.name = name\n"
"\n"
" def add_trick(self, trick):\n"
" self.tricks.append(trick)\n"
"\n"
">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n"
">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n"
">>> d.add_trick('roll over')\n"
">>> e.add_trick('play dead')\n"
">>> d.tricks # 出乎意料地被所有 dog 共享\n"
"['roll over', 'play dead']"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:445
msgid "Correct design of the class should use an instance variable instead::"
msgstr "正確的 class 設計應該使用實例變數： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:447
msgid ""
"class Dog:\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, name):\n"
" self.name = name\n"
" self.tricks = [] # creates a new empty list for each dog\n"
"\n"
" def add_trick(self, trick):\n"
" self.tricks.append(trick)\n"
"\n"
">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n"
">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n"
">>> d.add_trick('roll over')\n"
">>> e.add_trick('play dead')\n"
">>> d.tricks\n"
"['roll over']\n"
">>> e.tricks\n"
"['play dead']"
msgstr ""
"class Dog:\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, name):\n"
" self.name = name\n"
" self.tricks = [] # 為每一個 dog 建立空 list\n"
"\n"
" def add_trick(self, trick):\n"
" self.tricks.append(trick)\n"
"\n"
">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n"
">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n"
">>> d.add_trick('roll over')\n"
">>> e.add_trick('play dead')\n"
">>> d.tricks\n"
"['roll over']\n"
">>> e.tricks\n"
"['play dead']"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:469
msgid "Random Remarks"
msgstr "隨意的備註"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:473
msgid ""
"If the same attribute name occurs in both an instance and in a class, then "
"attribute lookup prioritizes the instance::"
msgstr ""
"如果屬性名稱同時出現在一個實例和一個 class 中，則屬性的尋找會以實例為優"
"先： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:476
msgid ""
">>> class Warehouse:\n"
"... purpose = 'storage'\n"
"... region = 'west'\n"
"...\n"
">>> w1 = Warehouse()\n"
">>> print(w1.purpose, w1.region)\n"
"storage west\n"
">>> w2 = Warehouse()\n"
">>> w2.region = 'east'\n"
">>> print(w2.purpose, w2.region)\n"
"storage east"
msgstr ""
">>> class Warehouse:\n"
"... purpose = 'storage'\n"
"... region = 'west'\n"
"...\n"
">>> w1 = Warehouse()\n"
">>> print(w1.purpose, w1.region)\n"
"storage west\n"
">>> w2 = Warehouse()\n"
">>> w2.region = 'east'\n"
">>> print(w2.purpose, w2.region)\n"
"storage east"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:488
msgid ""
"Data attributes may be referenced by methods as well as by ordinary users "
"(\"clients\") of an object. In other words, classes are not usable to "
"implement pure abstract data types. In fact, nothing in Python makes it "
"possible to enforce data hiding --- it is all based upon convention. (On "
"the other hand, the Python implementation, written in C, can completely hide "
"implementation details and control access to an object if necessary; this "
"can be used by extensions to Python written in C.)"
msgstr ""
"資料屬性可能被 method 或是被物件的一般使用者（「用戶端」）所參照。也就是說，"
"class 不可用於實作純粹抽象的資料型別。事實上，在 Python 中沒有任何可能的方"
"法，可強制隱藏資料——這都是基於慣例。（另一方面，以 C 編寫的 Python 實作可以完"
"全隱藏實作細節並且在必要時控制物件的存取；這可以被以 C 編寫的 Python 擴充所使"
"用。）"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:496
msgid ""
"Clients should use data attributes with care --- clients may mess up "
"invariants maintained by the methods by stamping on their data attributes. "
"Note that clients may add data attributes of their own to an instance object "
"without affecting the validity of the methods, as long as name conflicts are "
"avoided --- again, a naming convention can save a lot of headaches here."
msgstr ""
"用戶端應該小心使用資料屬性——用戶端可能會因為覆寫他們的資料屬性，而破壞了被 "
"method 維護的不變性。注意，用戶端可以增加他們自己的資料屬性到實例物件，但不影"
"響 method 的有效性，只要避免名稱衝突即可——再一次提醒，命名慣例可以在這裡節省"
"很多麻煩。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:502
msgid ""
"There is no shorthand for referencing data attributes (or other methods!) "
"from within methods. I find that this actually increases the readability of "
"methods: there is no chance of confusing local variables and instance "
"variables when glancing through a method."
msgstr ""
"在 method 中參照資料屬性（或其他 method！）是沒有簡寫的。我發現這實際上增加"
"了 method 的可閱讀性：在瀏覽 method 時，絕不會混淆區域變數和實例變數。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:507
msgid ""
"Often, the first argument of a method is called ``self``. This is nothing "
"more than a convention: the name ``self`` has absolutely no special meaning "
"to Python. Note, however, that by not following the convention your code "
"may be less readable to other Python programmers, and it is also conceivable "
"that a *class browser* program might be written that relies upon such a "
"convention."
msgstr ""
"通常，方法的第一個引數稱為 ``self``。這僅僅只是一個慣例：``self`` 這個名字對 "
"Python 來說完全沒有特別的意義。但請注意，如果不遵循慣例，你的程式碼可能對其"
"他 Python 程式設計師來說可讀性較低，此外，也可以想像一個可能因信任此慣例而編"
"寫的 *class 瀏覽器 (browser)* 程式。"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:513
msgid ""
"Any function object that is a class attribute defines a method for instances "
"of that class. It is not necessary that the function definition is "
"textually enclosed in the class definition: assigning a function object to a "
"local variable in the class is also ok. For example::"
msgstr ""
"任何一個作為 class 屬性的函式物件都為該 class 的實例定義了一個相應的 method。"
"函式定義不一定要包含在 class definition 的文本中：將函式物件指定給 class 中的"
"區域變數也是可以的。例如： ::"
#: ../../tutorial/classes.rst:518
msgid ""
"# Function defined outside the class\n"
"def f1(self, x, y):\n"
" return min(x, x+y)\n"
"\n"
"class C:\n"
" f = f1\n"
"\n"